A transmission system includes: a first timing signal generation unit; a second timing signal generation unit; a timing adjustment unit; a transmission processing unit; a first valid data generation unit which receives a first timing signal, receives only data according to valid timing of the first timing signal in a first image signal from a process signal to generate a first valid image signal, and receives only data according to valid timing of the first timing signal in a second image signal and a second timing signal from the process signal to output the received second image signal and the received second timing signal; and a second valid data generation unit which receives the second timing signal from the first valid data generation unit and receives only data according to valid timing of the second timing signal in the second image signal to generate a second valid image signal.

A supporting apparatus for supporting insertion of a flexible insertion member into a subject and removal of the insertion member includes a position acquisition unit, an interrelation calculation unit and a determination unit. The position acquisition unit acquires information on displacements at at least two attention points located at positions that are different in the longitudinal direction of the insertion member. The interrelation calculation unit calculates a degree of interrelation of the displacements acquired at the at least two attention points. The determination unit determines a state of the insertion member or a state of a predetermined target portion of the subject, based on the degree of interrelation.

A supporting apparatus for supporting insertion of a flexible insertion member is provided. In the supporting apparatus, an attention point acquisition unit specifies a first attention point specified by a shape of the insertion member. A first displacement acquisition unit acquires a first displacement, which is a positional change of the first attention point. A second displacement acquisition unit acquires a second displacement of a second attention point. A displacement information calculation unit compares the first displacement of the first attention point and the second displacement of the second attention point with each other and calculates displacement information. A determination unit determines state of the insertion member or the subject, based on the displacement information.

A supporting apparatus for supporting insertion of a flexible insertion member into a subject and removal of the insertion member includes a self-following property evaluation unit and a determination unit. The self-following property evaluation unit evaluates self-following property or lateral movement during insertion of the insertion member. The determination unit which determines a state of the insertion member or the subject, based on the self-following property or the lateral movement.

A supporting apparatus for supporting insertion of a flexible insertion member into a subject and removal of the insertion member includes a tangential direction acquisition unit, a moving direction acquisition unit and a determination unit. The tangential direction acquisition unit acquires a tangential direction at at least one point of a predetermined portion in a longitudinal direction of the insertion member, based on a shape of the insertion member. The moving direction acquisition unit acquires a moving direction of the point. The determination unit determines states of the insertion member and the subject, based on the tangential direction and the moving direction.

An endoscope system includes a video processor device that performs signal processing on an image, and an external device that is removably connected to the video processor device and can record light source correspondence information that corresponds to multiple light sources. The video processor device acquires light source correspondence information from the external device and performs signal processing that corresponds to the light source correspondence information.

Example embodiments of the present invention relate to systems methods and computer program products for bend estimation. The system comprises a first and second light absorbers disposed at a substantially same position along an axis of a light guide and enabled to absorb first and second respective amounts of a plurality of wavelengths of a light transmitted along the light guide, a light detector enabled to detect respective intensities of the plurality of wavelengths of the light not absorbed by the first and second light absorbers, and a processor enabled to calculate a bend state of the light guide according to the detected intensities of the plurality of wavelengths of the light.

An image pickup apparatus for an endoscope of the present invention includes a first circuit board on which a lead portion, a window portion in which a part of the lead portion is exposed, and a second circuit board on which a circuit pattern is fixed by soldering to the lead portion exposed on the window portion, and the lead portion that is exposed on the window portion extends from one end side of the window portion to the other end side, and has an enlarged end portion of the lead portion that is placed between two or more insulating layers and is formed with a larger width than a width of the lead portion in the window portion, at the other end side.

An instrument system that includes an image capture device, an elongate body, an optical fiber and a controller is provided. The elongate body is operatively coupled to the image capture device. The optical fiber is operatively coupled to the elongate body and has a strain sensor provided on the optical fiber. The controller is operatively coupled to the optical fiber and adapted to receive a signal from the strain sensor and to determine a position or orientation of the image capture device based on the signal.

A receiving apparatus includes: an antenna configured to receive, by a radio wave, an image signal acquired by a capsule-type endoscope; a memory configured to store a determination table or a determination function, each being used for determining an interference level of the radio wave; and a processor comprising hardware, the processor is configured to: acquire a received signal strength of the image signal received by the antenna; generate determination information used for determining the interference level of the radio wave based on one or more synchronization signals included in the image signal; determine the interference level of the radio wave based on the received signal strength and the determination information by using the determination table or the determination function; and control to output information indicating that electromagnetic interference occurs, when the determined interference level of the radio wave is greater than a preset interference level.