The present disclosure relates generally to methods and cells for the production of substituted phytocannabinoids or substituted phytocannabinoid precursors in host cells that produce the phytocannabinoid or the phytocannabinoid precursor. Methods are described which comprise transforming host cells with a sequence encoding an enzyme for derivatizing the phytocannabinoid or precursor with a substituent, such as O-methyl, glycosyl, or halogen. The transformed cells are cultured to produce substituted phytocannabinoids or substituted phytocannabinoid precursors.

The present disclosure relates generally to methods and cells for the production of substituted phytocannabinoids or substituted phytocannabinoid precursors in host cells that produce the phytocannabinoid or the phytocannabinoid precursor. Methods are described which comprise transforming host cells with a sequence encoding an enzyme for derivatizing the phytocannabinoid or precursor with a substituent, such as O-methyl, glycosyl, or halogen. The transformed cells are cultured to produce substituted phytocannabinoids or substituted phytocannabinoid precursors.

Methods of depolymerizing lignin and products obtained therefrom. The methods include reacting lignin in a liquid solvent comprising an oxidation catalyst with the solvent being in contact with 02 gas. The solvent can include aprotic polar solvents. The oxidation catalyst can include heterogeneous catalysts. The methods can be used in the oxidative catalytic fractionation of raw biomass to generate soluble aromatic monomers and a solid carbohydrate residue. Depolymerized lignin products include phenolic and benzoquinone monomers, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, and/or syringic acid.

Methods of depolymerizing lignin and products obtained therefrom. The methods include reacting lignin in a liquid solvent comprising an oxidation catalyst with the solvent being in contact with 02 gas. The solvent can include aprotic polar solvents. The oxidation catalyst can include heterogeneous catalysts. The methods can be used in the oxidative catalytic fractionation of raw biomass to generate soluble aromatic monomers and a solid carbohydrate residue. Depolymerized lignin products include phenolic and benzoquinone monomers, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, and/or syringic acid.

An onium salt having formula (1) serving as an acid diffusion inhibitor and a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the acid diffusion inhibitor are provided. When processed by lithography, the resist composition forms a pattern having minimal defects and excellent lithography performance factors such as CDU, LWR and DOF.

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A method and cell line for producing phytocannabinoids and phytocannabinoid analogues in yeast. The method applies, and the cell line includes, a yeast cell transformed with a polyketide synthase CDS and a cytosolic prenyltransferase CDS. The polyketide synthase enzyme catalyzes synthesis of olivetol or methyl-olivetol, and may include Cannabis sativa olivetolic acid synthase or Dictyostelium discoideum polyketide synthase (“DiPKS”). The yeast cell may be modified to include a phosphopantethienyl transferase for increased activity of DiPKS. The yeast cell may be modified to mitigate mitochondrial acetaldehyde catabolism for increasing malonyl-CoA available for synthesizing olivetol or methyl-olivetol. The prenyltransferase enzyme catalyzes synthesis of cannabigerol or a cannabigerol analogue, and may include an αββα cytosolic prenyltransferase enzyme from Streptomyces sp CL190. The yeast cell may be modified to mitigate depletion of geranyl pyrophosphate for increasing available geranyl pyrophosphate for prenylation.

A radiation-sensitive resin composition contains a resin including a structural unit having a phenolic hydroxyl group; and a compound represented by formula (1). In the formula (1), Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; n is an integer of 2 to 4; Z.sup.+ is a monovalent onium cation; a plurality of Ys are each independently a polar group; and at least one of the plurality of Ys is an —OH group or an —SH group bonded to a carbon atom adjacent to a carbon atom to which a COO.sup.− group is bonded.

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A radiation-sensitive resin composition contains a resin including a structural unit having a phenolic hydroxyl group; and a compound represented by formula (1). In the formula (1), Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; n is an integer of 2 to 4; Z.sup.+ is a monovalent onium cation; a plurality of Ys are each independently a polar group; and at least one of the plurality of Ys is an —OH group or an —SH group bonded to a carbon atom adjacent to a carbon atom to which a COO.sup.− group is bonded.

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Cosmetic use of at least one salicylic acid derivative of following formula (I) in which L represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical comprising from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and having or not having one or more ethylenic unsaturations, and X represents a radical chosen from —OH and —CO.sub.2H, and also its cosmetically acceptable salts, its solvates, such as its hydrates, and its isomers, in a composition comprising a physiologically acceptable medium, as cosmetic agent intended to promote the desquamation of the skin and/or to stimulate epidermal renewal. ##STR00001##

Cosmetic use of at least one salicylic acid derivative of following formula (I) in which L represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical comprising from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and having or not having one or more ethylenic unsaturations, and X represents a radical chosen from —OH and —CO.sub.2H, and also its cosmetically acceptable salts, its solvates, such as its hydrates, and its isomers, in a composition comprising a physiologically acceptable medium, as cosmetic agent intended to promote the desquamation of the skin and/or to stimulate epidermal renewal. ##STR00001##