The invention provides compounds for use in inhibiting a microbial alternative oxidase (AOX) and/or cytochrome bc.sub.1 complex. The invention extends to the use of such inhibitors in agrochemicals and in pharmaceuticals, for treating microbial infections, including fungal infections.

Methods and compositions containing a phorbol ester or a derivative of a phorbol ester are provided for the treatment and prevention of stroke and the sequelae of stroke. Additional compositions and methods are provided which employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound in combination with at least one additional agent to yield more effective treatment tools to treat or prevent stroke and the long term effects of stroke in mammalian subjects.

Neuroprotective compounds for reducing neurological damage due to cellular stress in an individual are of Formula 1: ##STR00001##
or an enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ar=aryl; Y=aryl substituent (ortho, meta, or para) selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylamino, R.sup.5R.sup.6N, and halo; XO, N, or S; RH, alkyl, aryl, OH, alkyloxy, aryloxy, NH.sub.2, alkylamino, R.sup.5R.sup.6N, or arylamino; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2=alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkyl, or H, individually; R.sup.3=arylCHCH, alkylCHCH, alkyl; R.sup.4H, alkyl, or aryl; and R.sup.5 and R.sup.6=alkyl, individually. Methods of reducing neurological damage due to cellular stress in an individual include administering to the individual during or after the cellular stress a neuroprotective compound of Formula I in a therapeutically effective amount to restore synaptic function during or after the cellular stress.

Neuroprotective compounds for reducing neurological damage due to cellular stress in an individual are of Formula 1: ##STR00001##
or an enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ar=aryl; Y=aryl substituent (ortho, meta, or para) selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylamino, R.sup.5R.sup.6N, and halo; XO, N, or S; RH, alkyl, aryl, OH, alkyloxy, aryloxy, NH.sub.2, alkylamino, R.sup.5R.sup.6N, or arylamino; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2=alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkyl, or H, individually; R.sup.3=arylCHCH, alkylCHCH, alkyl; R.sup.4H, alkyl, or aryl; and R.sup.5 and R.sup.6=alkyl, individually. Methods of reducing neurological damage due to cellular stress in an individual include administering to the individual during or after the cellular stress a neuroprotective compound of Formula I in a therapeutically effective amount to restore synaptic function during or after the cellular stress.

A process includes forming a bio-derived crosslinking material from biorenewable aconitic acid. The process includes initiating a chemical reaction to form a bio-derived crosslinking material that includes multiple functional groups. The chemical reaction includes converting each carboxylic acid group of a biorenewable aconitic acid molecule to one of the multiple functional groups.

A process includes forming a bio-derived crosslinking material from biorenewable aconitic acid. The process includes initiating a chemical reaction to form a bio-derived crosslinking material that includes multiple functional groups. The chemical reaction includes converting each carboxylic acid group of a biorenewable aconitic acid molecule to one of the multiple functional groups.

A process includes forming a bio-derived crosslinking material from biorenewable aconitic acid. The process includes initiating a chemical reaction to form a bio-derived crosslinking material that includes multiple functional groups. The chemical reaction includes converting each carboxylic acid group of a biorenewable aconitic acid molecule to one of the multiple functional groups.

Methods and compositions containing a phorbol ester or a derivative of a phorbol ester are provided for the treatment and prevention of stroke and the sequelae of stroke. Additional compositions and methods are provided which employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound in combination with at least one additional agent to yield more effective treatment tools to treat or prevent stroke and the long term effects of stroke in mammalian subjects.

Compounds having a structure of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer or stereoisomer thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, X, a, b, c, n, and m are as defined herein, are provided. Uses of such compounds for modulating androgen receptor activity and uses as therapeutics as well as methods for treatment of subjects in need thereof, including prostate cancer are also provided.

Compounds having a structure of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer or stereoisomer thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, X, a, b, c, n, and m are as defined herein, are provided. Uses of such compounds for modulating androgen receptor activity and uses as therapeutics as well as methods for treatment of subjects in need thereof, including prostate cancer are also provided.