The invention provides a method of producing acrylic acid. The method includes contacting fumaric acid with a sufficient amount of ethylene in the presence of a cross-metathesis transformation catalyst to produce about two moles of acrylic acid per mole of fumaric acid. Also provided is an acrylate ester. The method includes contacting fumarate diester with a sufficient amount of ethylene in the presence of a cross-metathesis transformation catalyst to produce about two moles of acrylate ester per mole of fumarate diester. An integrated process for process for producing acrylic acid or acrylate ester is provided which couples bioproduction of fumaric acid with metathesis transformation. An acrylic acid and an acrylate ester production also is provided.

Compounds of the formula D-S.sup.1-A-S.sup.2B.sup.1 wherein A comprises a 2,7-disubstituted 9,9-fluoroalkyl fluorene diradical of the formula

##STR00001## wherein S.sup.1, S.sup.2, D and B.sup.1 have meanings given in the description that are useful as charge transport and emissive materials for the fabrication of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic devices.

Compounds of the formula D-S.sup.1-A-S.sup.2B.sup.1 wherein A comprises a 2,7-disubstituted 9,9-fluoroalkyl fluorene diradical of the formula

##STR00001## wherein S.sup.1, S.sup.2, D and B.sup.1 have meanings given in the description that are useful as charge transport and emissive materials for the fabrication of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic devices.

Disclosed embodiments relate to improved methods for the synthesis of activated fumarate intermediates and their use in chemical synthesis. Disclosed embodiments describe the synthesis of activated fumarate esters including those derived from activating groups including: 4-nitrophenyl, diphenylphophoryl azide, pivaloyl chloride, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, p-nitrophenol, MEF, trifluoroacetyl and chlorine, for example, ethyl fumaroyl chloride and the subsequent use of the activated ester in situ. Further embodiments describe the improved synthesis of substituted aminoalkyl-diketopiperazines from unisolated and unpurified intermediates allowing for improved yields and reactor throughput.

Disclosed embodiments relate to improved methods for the synthesis of activated fumarate intermediates and their use in chemical synthesis. Disclosed embodiments describe the synthesis of activated fumarate esters including those derived from activating groups including: 4-nitrophenyl, diphenylphophoryl azide, pivaloyl chloride, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, p-nitrophenol, MEF, trifluoroacetyl and chlorine, for example, ethyl fumaroyl chloride and the subsequent use of the activated ester in situ. Further embodiments describe the improved synthesis of substituted aminoalkyl-diketopiperazines from unisolated and unpurified intermediates allowing for improved yields and reactor throughput.

Methacrylated cardanol glycidyl ethers, diglycidyl ethers, intermediates and derivatives thereof are described herein. Compositions and polymers made with such compounds as well as methods of preparation thereof are also described. For example, compounds of Formulas: wherein n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 can each represent various different entities are described in the present disclosure.

Methacrylated cardanol glycidyl ethers, diglycidyl ethers, intermediates and derivatives thereof are described herein. Compositions and polymers made with such compounds as well as methods of preparation thereof are also described. For example, compounds of Formulas: wherein n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 can each represent various different entities are described in the present disclosure.

The present invention relates to anaerobic curable compositions, such as adhesives and sealants, containing blocked acrylic acid compounds. The blocked acrylic acid compounds are labile (meth)acrylic acid compounds having an acetal linkage, which cleaves to release (meth)acrylic acid during anaerobic cure. In this way, the block acrylic acid compounds acts as an adhesion promoter thereby promoting adhesion to various substrates.

The present invention relates to anaerobic curable compositions, such as adhesives and sealants, containing blocked acrylic acid compounds. The blocked acrylic acid compounds are labile (meth)acrylic acid compounds having an acetal linkage, which cleaves to release (meth)acrylic acid during anaerobic cure. In this way, the block acrylic acid compounds acts as an adhesion promoter thereby promoting adhesion to various substrates.

The invention relates to the compounds of formula II or its pharmaceutical acceptable salts, as well as polymorphs, solvates, enantiomers, stereoisomers and hydrates thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compounds of formula II; and methods for treating or preventing multiple sclerosis may be formulated for oral, buccal, rectal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, intravenous, parenteral administration, syrup, or injection. Such compositions may be used to treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other inflammatory diseases.