Methods are provided for the synthesis of cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidibutol (CBD-C4), dihydrocannabidiol (DCBD), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), analogs thereof, and precursors to the foregoing. One method employs phloroglucinol or a phloroglucinol analog as a starting material. The syntheses are stereospecific, efficient, selective, and cost-effective, with little or no potential for generation of THC ((-)-trans-Δ.sup.9-tetrahydro-cannabinol) or any other psychoactive side product. Telescoped syntheses are also provided, as are new cannabinoids, pharmaceutical formulations, and methods of use.

The present invention relates to novel combinations of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides kits comprising these combinations, redox flow batteries, and method using the combinations, kits and redox flow batteries of the invention.

The present invention relates to novel combinations of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides kits comprising these combinations, redox flow batteries, and method using the combinations, kits and redox flow batteries of the invention.

New chelators such as H.sub.3L1, H.sub.3L2, H.sub.3L3, H.sub.3L26 and derivatives were synthesized for the complexation of {Al.sup.18F}.sup.2+. These new chelators are able to complex {AI.sup.18F}.sup.2+ with good radiochemical yields using a labeling temperature of 37° C. The stability of the new Al.sup.18F-complexes was tested in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7 and in rat serum. AI.sup.18F-L3 and AI.sup.18F-L26 showed a stability comparable to that of the previously reported Al.sup.18F-NODA. Moreover, the biodistribution of Al.sup.18F-L3 and AI.sup.18F-L26 showed absence of in vivo demetallation since only very limited bone uptake was observed, whereas the major fraction of activity 60 min p.i. was observed in liver and intestine due to hepatobiliary clearance of the radiolabeled ligand. The chelators H.sub.3L3 and Al.sup.18F-L26 demonstrated to be a good lead candidates for the labeling of heat sensitive biomolecules with .sup.18F-fluorine and derivatives have been synthesized. We have explored the complexation of {AI.sup.18F}.sup.2+ with new chelators and obtained very favourable radiochemical yields (>85%) using a labeling temperature of 37° C. The stability of the new Al.sup.18F-complexes was tested in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7 and in rat serum at 37° C., where AI.sup.18F-L3 and AI.sup.18F-L26 showed a stability comparable to that of the previously reported Al.sup.18F-NODA. Moreover, the biodistribution of Al.sup.18F-L3 and Al.sup.18F-L26 showed high stability, since only very limited bone uptake—which would be an indication of release of fluorine-18 in the form of fluoride—was observed, whereas the major fraction of activity 60 min p.i. was observed in liver and intestines due to hepatobiliary clearance of the radiolabeled ligand. The chelators H.sub.3L3 and H.sub.3L26 demonstrated to be good lead candidates for the labeling of heat sensitive biomolecules with .sup.18F-fluorine and several derivatives have been synthesized.

New chelators such as H.sub.3L1, H.sub.3L2, H.sub.3L3, H.sub.3L26 and derivatives were synthesized for the complexation of {Al.sup.18F}.sup.2+. These new chelators are able to complex {AI.sup.18F}.sup.2+ with good radiochemical yields using a labeling temperature of 37° C. The stability of the new Al.sup.18F-complexes was tested in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7 and in rat serum. AI.sup.18F-L3 and AI.sup.18F-L26 showed a stability comparable to that of the previously reported Al.sup.18F-NODA. Moreover, the biodistribution of Al.sup.18F-L3 and AI.sup.18F-L26 showed absence of in vivo demetallation since only very limited bone uptake was observed, whereas the major fraction of activity 60 min p.i. was observed in liver and intestine due to hepatobiliary clearance of the radiolabeled ligand. The chelators H.sub.3L3 and Al.sup.18F-L26 demonstrated to be a good lead candidates for the labeling of heat sensitive biomolecules with .sup.18F-fluorine and derivatives have been synthesized. We have explored the complexation of {AI.sup.18F}.sup.2+ with new chelators and obtained very favourable radiochemical yields (>85%) using a labeling temperature of 37° C. The stability of the new Al.sup.18F-complexes was tested in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7 and in rat serum at 37° C., where AI.sup.18F-L3 and AI.sup.18F-L26 showed a stability comparable to that of the previously reported Al.sup.18F-NODA. Moreover, the biodistribution of Al.sup.18F-L3 and Al.sup.18F-L26 showed high stability, since only very limited bone uptake—which would be an indication of release of fluorine-18 in the form of fluoride—was observed, whereas the major fraction of activity 60 min p.i. was observed in liver and intestines due to hepatobiliary clearance of the radiolabeled ligand. The chelators H.sub.3L3 and H.sub.3L26 demonstrated to be good lead candidates for the labeling of heat sensitive biomolecules with .sup.18F-fluorine and several derivatives have been synthesized.

The present invention relates to a synthesis method of hydroxybenzylamine, belonging to the technical field of organic synthesis. The principle of the method is a demethylation reaction of methoxybenzylamine in the presence of hydrobromic acid. The present invention has the characteristics that methoxybenzylamine and hydrobromic acid are distilled at reflux to remove redundant water to improve a reaction temperature and increase the concentration of hydrobromic acid in a reaction mixture, thereby enhancing the demethylation of hydrobromic acid on methoxybenzylamine and then shortening a reaction time and increasing a conversion rate; when generation of a methyl bromide gas is not observed, distillation is continued, excess hydrobromic acid is recycled to further improve the reaction temperature and increase the conversion rate and meanwhile reduce the consumption of raw material hydrobromic acid and decrease the processing capacity of the subsequent steps and the consumption of raw material sodium hydroxide.

The present invention relates to a synthesis method of hydroxybenzylamine, belonging to the technical field of organic synthesis. The principle of the method is a demethylation reaction of methoxybenzylamine in the presence of hydrobromic acid. The present invention has the characteristics that methoxybenzylamine and hydrobromic acid are distilled at reflux to remove redundant water to improve a reaction temperature and increase the concentration of hydrobromic acid in a reaction mixture, thereby enhancing the demethylation of hydrobromic acid on methoxybenzylamine and then shortening a reaction time and increasing a conversion rate; when generation of a methyl bromide gas is not observed, distillation is continued, excess hydrobromic acid is recycled to further improve the reaction temperature and increase the conversion rate and meanwhile reduce the consumption of raw material hydrobromic acid and decrease the processing capacity of the subsequent steps and the consumption of raw material sodium hydroxide.

Application of a Mannich base in a flame-retardant polyurethane material is provided. The Mannich base has a structure represented by a formula (I). In the Mannich base, flame-retardant groups, i.e., halogens are introduced at the second, fourth and sixth positions of a phenyl group, and flame-retardant elements, i.e., halogens and nitrogen are introduced into synthesized polyether polyol, giving the synthesized polyether polyol good flame retardance. The amount of active hydrogen in the Mannich base is small so that occurrence of side reactions during the synthesis of the polyether polyol is reduced, and the viscosity of the flame-retardant polyether polyol is lowered. Due to autocatalytic performance of tertiary amido in the flame-retardant polyether polyol, use of a catalyst can be reduced and even avoided during the synthesis. A preparation method of the Mannich base is also provided.

Application of a Mannich base in a flame-retardant polyurethane material is provided. The Mannich base has a structure represented by a formula (I). In the Mannich base, flame-retardant groups, i.e., halogens are introduced at the second, fourth and sixth positions of a phenyl group, and flame-retardant elements, i.e., halogens and nitrogen are introduced into synthesized polyether polyol, giving the synthesized polyether polyol good flame retardance. The amount of active hydrogen in the Mannich base is small so that occurrence of side reactions during the synthesis of the polyether polyol is reduced, and the viscosity of the flame-retardant polyether polyol is lowered. Due to autocatalytic performance of tertiary amido in the flame-retardant polyether polyol, use of a catalyst can be reduced and even avoided during the synthesis. A preparation method of the Mannich base is also provided.

Application of a Mannich base in a flame-retardant polyurethane material is provided. The Mannich base has a structure represented by a formula (I). In the Mannich base, flame-retardant groups, i.e., halogens are introduced at the second, fourth and sixth positions of a phenyl group, and flame-retardant elements, i.e., halogens and nitrogen are introduced into synthesized polyether polyol, giving the synthesized polyether polyol good flame retardance. The amount of active hydrogen in the Mannich base is small so that occurrence of side reactions during the synthesis of the polyether polyol is reduced, and the viscosity of the flame-retardant polyether polyol is lowered. Due to autocatalytic performance of tertiary amido in the flame-retardant polyether polyol, use of a catalyst can be reduced and even avoided during the synthesis. A preparation method of the Mannich base is also provided.