In one embodiment, the present application discloses a photo-cleavable surface binding compound of the Formula I and Formula II: ##STR00001##
wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a photo-cleavable surface binding compound of the Formula I and Formula II: ##STR00001##
wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound.

The invention provides an antibacterial compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as well as an antibacterial compound of formula (II) or a salt thereof, wherein R1, R2, X, Y and n have any of the values defined in the specification.

##STR00001##

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a surface binding compound of the Formula I or Formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound of the Formula I or Formula II.

The present invention provides a method for producing α-hydroxyisobutyric acid amide by hydration of acetone cyanohydrin under the presence of a catalyst composed mainly of manganese oxide using a reactor in which at least two reaction regions are connected in series, the method being characterized by comprising: a step (B) of cyclically supplying at least a portion of a reaction liquid withdrawn from at least one reaction region to a first reaction region (I) in the reactor; and a step (b1) of further cyclically supplying at least a portion of the reaction liquid withdrawn from at least one reaction region to at least one reaction region other than the first reaction region. The method is also characterized in that an oxidizing agent is supplied to at least one reaction region in the reactor.

The present invention provides a method for producing α-hydroxyisobutyric acid amide by hydration of acetone cyanohydrin under the presence of a catalyst composed mainly of manganese oxide using a reactor in which at least two reaction regions are connected in series, the method being characterized by comprising: a step (B) of cyclically supplying at least a portion of a reaction liquid withdrawn from at least one reaction region to a first reaction region (I) in the reactor; and a step (b1) of further cyclically supplying at least a portion of the reaction liquid withdrawn from at least one reaction region to at least one reaction region other than the first reaction region. The method is also characterized in that an oxidizing agent is supplied to at least one reaction region in the reactor.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

Methods for making prodrugs of trepreostinil and treprostinil derivatives are provided. Specifically, methods are provided herein for producing prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, branched C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, linear C.sub.2-C.sub.18 alkenyl, branched C.sub.3-C.sub.18 alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide). The linkage, in one embodiment, is via an amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. The compounds provided herein can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension.

Methods for making prodrugs of trepreostinil and treprostinil derivatives are provided. Specifically, methods are provided herein for producing prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, branched C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, linear C.sub.2-C.sub.18 alkenyl, branched C.sub.3-C.sub.18 alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide). The linkage, in one embodiment, is via an amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. The compounds provided herein can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension.