An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III:

##STR00001##

The substituents R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ether group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkynyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III:

##STR00001##

The substituents R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ether group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkynyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

An electrolyte including an additive of compound of formula I, ##STR00001## wherein n is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyleneoxy group; A.sub.1 selected from CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; A.sub.2 is selected from CH—R.sub.3, N—R.sub.3, S, O, B—R.sub.3 or SiH—R.sub.3; A.sub.3 selected from CH.sub.2, CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; R.sub.3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group; X.sub.1 is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, ═R.sup.c═, or ═R.sup.c—, wherein R.sup.c is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkylidene group.

An electrolyte including an additive of compound of formula I, ##STR00001## wherein n is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyleneoxy group; A.sub.1 selected from CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; A.sub.2 is selected from CH—R.sub.3, N—R.sub.3, S, O, B—R.sub.3 or SiH—R.sub.3; A.sub.3 selected from CH.sub.2, CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; R.sub.3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group; X.sub.1 is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, ═R.sup.c═, or ═R.sup.c—, wherein R.sup.c is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkylidene group.

Methods of making aliphatic compounds having two or more electron withdrawing groups and compositions comprising aliphatic organic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups. The methods are based on electrohydrodimerization of aliphatic olefinic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups using pulsed potential waveforms. A method may produce adiponitrile by electrolysis of acrylonitrile using pulsed waveforms. A composition may be an electrochemically produced organic phase composition. A composition may comprise one or more undesirable products, such as, for example, propionitrile, AN-derived oligomers, and the like. A composition may not have been subjected to any purification and/or separation after electrochemical production of one or more aliphatic compounds comprising two or more electron withdrawing groups.

Methods of making aliphatic compounds having two or more electron withdrawing groups and compositions comprising aliphatic organic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups. The methods are based on electrohydrodimerization of aliphatic olefinic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups using pulsed potential waveforms. A method may produce adiponitrile by electrolysis of acrylonitrile using pulsed waveforms. A composition may be an electrochemically produced organic phase composition. A composition may comprise one or more undesirable products, such as, for example, propionitrile, AN-derived oligomers, and the like. A composition may not have been subjected to any purification and/or separation after electrochemical production of one or more aliphatic compounds comprising two or more electron withdrawing groups.

The present invention provides a method for selectively functionalizing alkanes through a sequential biocatalytic dehydrogenation followed by isomerization-hydrofunctionalization reaction.

The present invention provides a method for selectively functionalizing alkanes through a sequential biocatalytic dehydrogenation followed by isomerization-hydrofunctionalization reaction.

Provided herein are processes for purifying TCH in a feed stream, such as an adiponitrile process stream. The processes include a first separating step of separating the adiponitrile process stream to form a first overhead stream comprising low-boiling components and high-boiling components and a first bottoms stream comprising high-boiling components. The processes also include a second separating step of separating the first overhead stream in one or more distillation columns to form a lights stream comprising low-boiling components, a heavies stream comprising high-boiling components, and a TCH stream.

Provided herein are processes for purifying TCH in a feed stream, such as an adiponitrile process stream. The processes include a first separating step of separating the adiponitrile process stream to form a first overhead stream comprising low-boiling components and high-boiling components and a first bottoms stream comprising high-boiling components. The processes also include a second separating step of separating the first overhead stream in one or more distillation columns to form a lights stream comprising low-boiling components, a heavies stream comprising high-boiling components, and a TCH stream.