Provided herein are processes for purifying TCH in a feed stream, such as an adiponitrile process stream. The processes include a first separating step of separating the adiponitrile process stream to form a first overhead stream comprising low-boiling components and high-boiling components and a first bottoms stream comprising high-boiling components. The processes also include a second separating step of separating the first overhead stream in one or more distillation columns to form a lights stream comprising low-boiling components, a heavies stream comprising high-boiling components, and a TCH stream.

Methods of making aliphatic compounds having two or more electron withdrawing groups and compositions comprising aliphatic organic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups. The methods are based on electrohydrodimerization of aliphatic olefinic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups using pulsed potential waveforms. A method may produce adiponitrile by electrolysis of acrylonitrile using pulsed waveforms. A composition may be an electrochemically produced organic phase composition. A composition may comprise one or more undesirable products, such as, for example, propionitrile, AN-derived oligomers, and the like. A composition may not have been subjected to any purification and/or separation after electrochemical production of one or more aliphatic compounds comprising two or more electron withdrawing groups.

Methods of making aliphatic compounds having two or more electron withdrawing groups and compositions comprising aliphatic organic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups. The methods are based on electrohydrodimerization of aliphatic olefinic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups using pulsed potential waveforms. A method may produce adiponitrile by electrolysis of acrylonitrile using pulsed waveforms. A composition may be an electrochemically produced organic phase composition. A composition may comprise one or more undesirable products, such as, for example, propionitrile, AN-derived oligomers, and the like. A composition may not have been subjected to any purification and/or separation after electrochemical production of one or more aliphatic compounds comprising two or more electron withdrawing groups.

The present application provides an electrolyte and an electrochemical device. The electrolyte according to the present application comprises a carboxylate, a barbituric acid compound and a nitrile compound. Adding a barbituric acid compound and a nitrile compound of particular structure to an electrolyte containing a carboxylate solvent can significantly improve the rate performance of an electrochemical device, and mitigate capacity loss after storage at room temperature, and cycle fading and gas generation at high-temperature of the electrochemical device.

The present application provides an electrolyte and an electrochemical device. The electrolyte according to the present application comprises a carboxylate, a barbituric acid compound and a nitrile compound. Adding a barbituric acid compound and a nitrile compound of particular structure to an electrolyte containing a carboxylate solvent can significantly improve the rate performance of an electrochemical device, and mitigate capacity loss after storage at room temperature, and cycle fading and gas generation at high-temperature of the electrochemical device.

A lubricant, which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate base and a conjugate acid including 2 or more cations in a molecule of the conjugate acid, wherein the conjugate acid includes a monovalent group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and an acid that is a source of the conjugate base has a pKa in acetonitrile of 10 or less.

A lubricant, which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate base and a conjugate acid including 2 or more cations in a molecule of the conjugate acid, wherein the conjugate acid includes a monovalent group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and an acid that is a source of the conjugate base has a pKa in acetonitrile of 10 or less.

The present invention relates to the formation of a stable dianionic -dimer-[TCNE].sub.2.sup.2 (TCNE-tetracyanoethylene) at ambient conditions that exhibits unusually intense white emission over the entire visible spectral range (400-800 nm) and has application in designing white light emitting devices. Particularly, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of stable dimer in an organic solvent upon aging at room temperature, in the presence of anions such as Br, Cl, SCN, which reduces the TCNE to a TCNE anion radical (TCNE..sup.) which subsequently dimerizes to form the stable dianionic dimer upon aging. More particularly, the dimer formed in this invention opens a new class of materials to design white light emitting devices having high intensity over the entire visible spectral range. The dimer also forms electron transfer salts used to develop new molecule-based metals, superconductors, and magnets.

The present invention relates to the formation of a stable dianionic -dimer-[TCNE].sub.2.sup.2 (TCNE-tetracyanoethylene) at ambient conditions that exhibits unusually intense white emission over the entire visible spectral range (400-800 nm) and has application in designing white light emitting devices. Particularly, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of stable dimer in an organic solvent upon aging at room temperature, in the presence of anions such as Br, Cl, SCN, which reduces the TCNE to a TCNE anion radical (TCNE..sup.) which subsequently dimerizes to form the stable dianionic dimer upon aging. More particularly, the dimer formed in this invention opens a new class of materials to design white light emitting devices having high intensity over the entire visible spectral range. The dimer also forms electron transfer salts used to develop new molecule-based metals, superconductors, and magnets.

An electrochemical apparatus includes an electrolyte, where the electrolyte includes a carboxylate compound and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Based on a total weight of the electrolyte, percentages of the carboxylate compound and FEC are w.sub.1 and w.sub.2 respectively, where 5%?w.sub.1?60%, 2%?w.sub.2?12%, and 2?w.sub.1/w.sub.2?20. The electrochemical apparatus delivers excellent fast charging performance and high-temperature interval cycle performance.