Provided herein are compounds useful for the treatment of HBV infection in a subject in need thereof, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of inhibiting, suppressing, or preventing HBV infection in the subject.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a cyclic ester or a cyclic amide, comprising the step of: contacting at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or at least one amino-carboxylic acid; or an ester, or salt thereof; wherein said hydroxycarboxylic acid is a 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid, or a 6-hydroxycarboxylic acid; and wherein said amino carboxylic acid is a 2-amino-carboxylic acid or a 6-amino-carboxylic acid; with at least one acidic zeolite comprising: two or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, wherein at least one of said channel systems comprises 10-or more-membered ring channels; and a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio of at least 24 as measured by NMR; or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, wherein at least two of said channel systems comprise 10-or more-membered ring channels; and a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio of at least 6 as measured by NMR; wherein each X is Al or B, and wherein the process is performed at a pressure between 0.5 and 20 bar.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a cyclic ester or a cyclic amide, comprising the step of: contacting at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or at least one amino-carboxylic acid; or an ester, or salt thereof; wherein said hydroxycarboxylic acid is a 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid, or a 6-hydroxycarboxylic acid; and wherein said amino carboxylic acid is a 2-amino-carboxylic acid or a 6-amino-carboxylic acid; with at least one acidic zeolite comprising: two or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, wherein at least one of said channel systems comprises 10-or more-membered ring channels; and a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio of at least 24 as measured by NMR; or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, wherein at least two of said channel systems comprise 10-or more-membered ring channels; and a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio of at least 6 as measured by NMR; wherein each X is Al or B, and wherein the process is performed at a pressure between 0.5 and 20 bar.

Disclosed are compounds having the formula:

##STR00001## wherein X, Y, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.A, m, A. L, and B are as defined herein, and methods of making and using the same.

The disclosure shows a liquid crystal composition that contains a compound having an effect of preventing photolysis of the liquid crystal composition and having high solubility in the liquid crystal composition, and that satisfies at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature, low minimum temperature, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large positive or negative dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light or heat, and a suitable elastic constant, etc. and so on. The disclosure shows a liquid crystal composition that contains a compound having the following azolidine ring (Q-1) or azepane ring (Q-2), a liquid crystal display device and so on. ##STR00001##

The disclosure shows a liquid crystal composition that contains a compound having an effect of preventing photolysis of the liquid crystal composition and having high solubility in the liquid crystal composition, and that satisfies at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature, low minimum temperature, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large positive or negative dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light or heat, and a suitable elastic constant, etc. and so on. The disclosure shows a liquid crystal composition that contains a compound having the following azolidine ring (Q-1) or azepane ring (Q-2), a liquid crystal display device and so on. ##STR00001##

The invention relates to a process for preparing a cyclic ester or a cyclic amide, comprising the step of: contacting at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or at least one amino-carboxylic acid; or an ester, or salt thereof; wherein said hydroxycarboxylic acid is a 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid, or a 6-hydroxycarboxylic acid; and wherein said amino carboxylic acid is a 2-amino-carboxylic acid or a 6-amino-carboxylic acid; with at least one acidic zeolite comprising: two or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, wherein at least one of said channel systems comprises 10- or more-membered ring channels; and a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio of at least 24 as measured by NMR; or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, wherein at least two of said channel systems comprise 10- or more-membered ring channels; and a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio of at least 6 as measured by NMR; wherein each X is Al or B, and wherein the process is performed at a pressure between 0.5 and 20 bar.

Disclosed are compounds having the formula: ##STR00001## wherein X, Y, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.A, m, A. L, and B are as defined herein, and methods of making and using the same.

Disclosed are compounds having the formula: ##STR00001## wherein X, Y, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.A, m, A. L, and B are as defined herein, and methods of making and using the same.

A process for preparing a cyclic ester or a cyclic amide includes contacting hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or amino-carboxylic acid, an ester thereof, or a salt thereof, with acidic zeolite. The hydroxycarboxylic acid is a 2- or 6-hydroxycarboxylic acid, and the amino carboxylic acid is a 2- or 6-amino-carboxylic acid. The zeolite may include two or three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, in which a channel system includes 10- or more-membered ring channels, and in which a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio is at least 24 as measured by NMR. X is Al or B. The zeolite may include three interconnected and non-parallel channel systems, in which at least two channel systems include 10- or more-membered ring channels, and in which a framework Si/X.sub.2 ratio is at least 6 as measured by NMR. The process may be performed at a pressure between 0.5 and 20 bar.