The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H, C—O, C—S, or C—N bond conversion and methods of synthesizing isotopically-labeled substituted arenes via direct carbon-halogen bond conversion. The invention also relates to anaerobic catalyst systems comprising an acridinium photocatalyst and a nucleophile selected from a halide, a cyanide, and an isotopically-labeled amine. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The present invention provides compounds useful for treating or preventing an IL-1R-mediated disease or disorder. In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises scleroderma.

The present invention provides compounds useful for treating or preventing an IL-1R-mediated disease or disorder. In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises scleroderma.

The invention provides substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compounds, substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine compounds, related compounds, compositions containing such compounds, medical kits, and methods for using such compounds and compositions to treat medical disorders, e.g., Gaucher disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, dementia, or multiple system atrophy, in a patient. Exemplary imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine compounds described herein include substituted 5-methyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-8-carboxamide compounds and variants thereof.

The invention provides substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compounds, substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine compounds, related compounds, compositions containing such compounds, medical kits, and methods for using such compounds and compositions to treat medical disorders, e.g., Gaucher disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, dementia, or multiple system atrophy, in a patient. Exemplary imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine compounds described herein include substituted 5-methyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-8-carboxamide compounds and variants thereof.

A resin having a small linear thermal expansion coefficient and a low absorbance is provided. The resin is characterized by including at least one structure selected from structures represented by the following general formulae (1) and (2): ##STR00001##

A resin having a small linear thermal expansion coefficient and a low absorbance is provided. The resin is characterized by including at least one structure selected from structures represented by the following general formulae (1) and (2): ##STR00001##

An object of the present invention is to provide an industrially useful and novel process for producing a 1,3-benzodioxole derivative, with high yield and few impurities, including a novel chlorination reaction of a benzene ring. In the novel process for producing a 1,3-benzodioxole derivative, it has been found that an industrially useful and novel chlorination reaction of a benzene ring is conducted by using sulfuryl chloride with high yield and few impurities. Based on the finding, the invention has been accomplished.

An object of the present invention is to provide an industrially useful and novel process for producing a 1,3-benzodioxole derivative, with high yield and few impurities, including a novel chlorination reaction of a benzene ring. In the novel process for producing a 1,3-benzodioxole derivative, it has been found that an industrially useful and novel chlorination reaction of a benzene ring is conducted by using sulfuryl chloride with high yield and few impurities. Based on the finding, the invention has been accomplished.

Provided are a polymerizable composition containing a compound represented by General Formula (I-1) or General Formula (I-2) and a polymerizable compound, applications of the polymerizable composition, a compound represented by General Formula (II), and applications of the compound. In General Formula (I-1), General Formula (I-2), and General Formula (II), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or the like, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or the like, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each represent an electron-withdrawing group, and A represents a 5- or 6-membered ring or the like. In General Formula (I-1), D represents O, S, or N-E, and E represents an alkyl group. At least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, or A in General Formula (II) contains a substituent selected from the group consisting of General Formula (III) and General Formula (IV).

##STR00001##