Provided are a polymerizable composition containing a compound represented by General Formula (I-1) or General Formula (I-2) and a polymerizable compound, applications of the polymerizable composition, a compound represented by General Formula (II), and applications of the compound. In General Formula (I-1), General Formula (I-2), and General Formula (II), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or the like, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or the like, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each represent an electron-withdrawing group, and A represents a 5- or 6-membered ring or the like. In General Formula (I-1), D represents O, S, or N-E, and E represents an alkyl group. At least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, or A in General Formula (II) contains a substituent selected from the group consisting of General Formula (III) and General Formula (IV).

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The present invention discloses compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or prodrugs thereof:

X-A-Y-L-R  (I)

which inhibit the protein(s) encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV) or interfere with the function of the HBV life cycle of the hepatitis B virus and are also useful as antiviral agents. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the aforementioned compounds for administration to a subject suffering from HBV infection. The invention also relates to methods of treating an HBV infection in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of the present invention.

Provided are a 1,3-di-substituted ketene compound having a structure as represented by formula (I) and an application thereof. Such a type of compound primarily activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, and also activates PPPAδ and PPPAγ. The compound may be used to treat various diseases associated with PPAR regulation and control abnormality, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and especially in treating non-alcoholic hepatitis, and may potentially be used in the treatment of diseases comprising diabetes, obesity, fibrotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases (comprising heart failure, atherosclerosis, and so on), kidney diseases (comprising chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and so on), and brain degenerative diseases (comprising Alzheimer's disease and so on), having great application value. ##STR00001##

Provided are a 1,3-di-substituted ketene compound having a structure as represented by formula (I) and an application thereof. Such a type of compound primarily activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, and also activates PPPAδ and PPPAγ. The compound may be used to treat various diseases associated with PPAR regulation and control abnormality, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and especially in treating non-alcoholic hepatitis, and may potentially be used in the treatment of diseases comprising diabetes, obesity, fibrotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases (comprising heart failure, atherosclerosis, and so on), kidney diseases (comprising chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and so on), and brain degenerative diseases (comprising Alzheimer's disease and so on), having great application value. ##STR00001##

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPRX2 generally, or for treating a MRGPRX2 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPRX2 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having structure (I):

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or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, B, C, D, E, G, W, Y, Z, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as the compounds themselves, are also provided.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPRX2 generally, or for treating a MRGPRX2 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPRX2 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having structure (I):

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or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, B, C, D, E, G, W, Y, Z, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as the compounds themselves, are also provided.

Provided herein are compounds and methods of use thereof for the modulation of VAP-1 activity.

Provided herein are compounds and methods of use thereof for the modulation of VAP-1 activity.

Relating to a compound represented by formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, and an application of the compound as an S1P1 agonist.

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Relating to a compound represented by formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, and an application of the compound as an S1P1 agonist.

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