Methods of preventing or retarding or reversing or abolishing the onset of Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.

Provided are a scroll preparing method using a two-dimensional material and a scroll prepared thereby. The scroll preparing method comprises preparing a two-dimensional material. The two-dimensional material is scrolled by providing an amphiphilic substance having a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion on the two-dimensional material. As a result, a scroll composite including the amphiphilic substance disposed inside a scroll structure is formed.

The invention provides for treating HBV or HDV infection or inhibiting human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (hNTCP) with a polymeric bile acid or salt thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polymeric bile acid or salt thereof, and a second HBV or HDV medicament.

The invention relates to compounds, compositions and polymers comprising a first component adapted to promote germination of Clostridium difficile (C.diff) and a second component which acts as an antimicrobial agent. Said compounds, compositions and polymers are useful for destroying C.diff where conventional antimicrobial agents are unsuccessful. The compositions can be formulated as coating or materials which actively destroy C.diff which come into contact with it. The germination promotion is induced by bile salts. The invention also relates to the use of such materials as a treatment for C.diff associated diseases and toxic megacolon.

The present invention relates to, in part, a combination therapy of a polyhydroxylated bile acid and a farnesoid X receptor agonist. The present invention also provides, in part, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a farnesoid X receptor agonist and a polyhydroxylated bile acid in the preparation of a medicament for treating a biliary disorder or a gastrointestinal disorder.

Disclosed are a composition for clearing spheroids, a method for clearing spheroids using same, and a kit comprising same. The composition for clearing spheroids can clear the spheroids in a convenient and rapid manner and thus may be usefully used for imaging of spheroids and in identifying the causes of various diseases, treating the diseases, and predicting the therapeutic effects and toxicity of drugs. In addition, the composition may be used in combination with various medical devices, and in particular, can be prepared as a kit and usefully used as an in vitro medical diagnostic device.

The present invention relates to a novel metal complex, a method for producing same, and a method for producing a gamma-lactam compound using same, and the metal complex according to the present invention is used as a catalyst for producing a gamma-lactam compound and can efficiently produce a gamma-lactam compound with an excellent yield and excellent selectivity.

The application relates to compounds of formula A: ##STR00001##
or a salt, solvate, ester, tautomer, amino acid conjugate, or metabolite thereof. The compounds of formula A are TGR5 modulators useful for the treatment of various diseases, including metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a chenodeoxycholic acid derivative. Particularly, disclosed is a method for carrying out one-pot reduction on a compound represented by Formula (VI), i.e., 3α-hydroxyl-ethidene-7-ketone-5β-chole-24-alkamide, to obtain a compound represented by Formula (V), i.e., 3α,7α-dyhydroxyl-6α-ethyl-5β-cholanic acid, and then carrying out salt formation crystallization to obtain a high-purity obeticholic acid sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, and a calcium salt.

The subject disclosure is directed to functionalized bile acids, preparation thereof, and usage thereof for therapeutic and material applications. In one embodiment, a method of generating functionalized bile acid materials can comprise directly activating a carboxylic acid of a bile acid compound using a coupling agent comprising an amide or ester compound, thereby generating an intermediate bile acid derivative material. The method can further comprise attaching a functional group material to the intermediate bile acid derivative material by reacting the functional group material and the intermediate bile acid derivative material, thereby generating a functionalized bile acid material.