The present invention relates to a hydrogel and use thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to a hydrogel comprising water and a polymer matrix, wherein the polymer matrix comprises a copolymer of a monofunctional monomer having a hydrophilic group and one ethylenic unsaturated group, and a polyfunctional monomer having no ester bond, and having an amide group and 3 to 6 ethylenic unsaturated groups, 40 to 95 parts by mass of the water, and 5 to 60 parts by mass of the polymer matrix are contained in 100 parts by mass of the hydrogel, and the hydrogel shows a swelling degree of 650% or less, when the hydrogel is immersed in a 4M aqueous KOH solution under a temperature of 25° C. for 14 days, and use thereof.

A cleaning solution that is used, inter alia, for removal of residue of a photoresist pattern or etching residue, and has exceptional anticorrosion properties with respect to silicon nitride; and a method for cleaning a substrate using the cleaning solution. In a cleaning solution containing a hydrofluoric acid and a solvent, a polymer that includes units derived from a compound of a specific structure having a carboxylic acid amide bond (CON<) and an unsaturated double bond is blended as an anticorrosive agent. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferred as the polymer used as the anticorrosive agent.

A system for precision polymerization is disclosed comprising at least one Michael-type monomer and a metal compound MR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 as sole catalyst and initiator, wherein M is aluminum, gallium or indium, each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 independently is CI, F, I, Br, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkinyl, heterocycloalkinyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, silyl, metallocenyl, nitro, nitroso, hydroxy, or carboxyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy group independently has up to 12 carbon atoms, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl independently has 5 to 14 ring atoms, wherein any hetero group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkinyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy group can be substituted by 1 up to the highest possible number of halogen atoms, or at least one electron-donating or electron-withdrawing group; with the proviso that not all three groups R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy or wherein two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 together with M form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group having 3 to 6 atoms, wherein a heterocyclic group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N; as well as processes for preparing polymers and the polymers obtained therewith.

A system for precision polymerization is disclosed comprising at least one Michael-type monomer and a metal compound MR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 as sole catalyst and initiator, wherein M is aluminum, gallium or indium, each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 independently is CI, F, I, Br, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkinyl, heterocycloalkinyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, silyl, metallocenyl, nitro, nitroso, hydroxy, or carboxyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy group independently has up to 12 carbon atoms, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl independently has 5 to 14 ring atoms, wherein any hetero group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkinyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy group can be substituted by 1 up to the highest possible number of halogen atoms, or at least one electron-donating or electron-withdrawing group; with the proviso that not all three groups R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy or wherein two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 together with M form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group having 3 to 6 atoms, wherein a heterocyclic group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N; as well as processes for preparing polymers and the polymers obtained therewith.

A method of separating biomolecules in an aqueous mixture is disclosed comprising a obtaining a separation vessel containing separation media, wherein the separation media comprises a porous support with a hydrophobic monomer grafted thereon, the hydrophobic monomer having the structure:

CH.sub.2CR.sup.4C(O)NHC(R.sup.1R.sup.1)(C(R.sup.1R.sup.1)).sub.nC(O)XR.sup.3

wherein n is an integer of 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is independently selected from at least one of: a hydrogen atom, alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls, wherein the alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls have a total of 10 carbon atoms or less; R.sup.3 is a hydrophobic group selected from at least one of alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers, wherein the alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers have a total number of carbon atoms ranging from 4 to 30; R.sup.4 is H or CH.sub.3; and X is O or NH; wherein the hydrophobic monomer is derived from an amine or an alcohol (HXR.sup.3) that has a hydrophilicity index of 25 or less; and
(b) passing the aqueous mixture through the separation vessel thereby separating the biomolecules. Such methods can be used to separate proteins, antibodies, fusion proteins, vaccines, peptides, enzymes, DNA, and/or RNA.

A method of separating biomolecules in an aqueous mixture is disclosed comprising a obtaining a separation vessel containing separation media, wherein the separation media comprises a porous support with a hydrophobic monomer grafted thereon, the hydrophobic monomer having the structure:

CH.sub.2CR.sup.4C(O)NHC(R.sup.1R.sup.1)(C(R.sup.1R.sup.1)).sub.nC(O)XR.sup.3

wherein n is an integer of 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is independently selected from at least one of: a hydrogen atom, alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls, wherein the alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls have a total of 10 carbon atoms or less; R.sup.3 is a hydrophobic group selected from at least one of alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers, wherein the alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers have a total number of carbon atoms ranging from 4 to 30; R.sup.4 is H or CH.sub.3; and X is O or NH; wherein the hydrophobic monomer is derived from an amine or an alcohol (HXR.sup.3) that has a hydrophilicity index of 25 or less; and
(b) passing the aqueous mixture through the separation vessel thereby separating the biomolecules. Such methods can be used to separate proteins, antibodies, fusion proteins, vaccines, peptides, enzymes, DNA, and/or RNA.

An active energy ray-curable resin composition for three-dimensional molding support materials is provided and includes 0.1 to 90% by mass of a non-polymerizable compound (A) in which inorganic groups/organic groups (I/O value) equals 0.4 to 1.8, and 10 to 99.9% by mass of a polymerizable compound (B) in which inorganic groups/organic groups (I/O value) equals 0.8 to 3.0. By using the active energy ray-curable resin composition, an ink for a support material having well-balanced inorganicity and organicity is obtained, and by using the ink, the support material is easily removed from a roughly molded product without corrosion of ink tanks, ink ejection heads, and similar objects, and a large-sized and highly accurate three-dimensional molded product is obtained.

An active energy ray-curable resin composition for three-dimensional molding support materials is provided and includes 0.1 to 90% by mass of a non-polymerizable compound (A) in which inorganic groups/organic groups (I/O value) equals 0.4 to 1.8, and 10 to 99.9% by mass of a polymerizable compound (B) in which inorganic groups/organic groups (I/O value) equals 0.8 to 3.0. By using the active energy ray-curable resin composition, an ink for a support material having well-balanced inorganicity and organicity is obtained, and by using the ink, the support material is easily removed from a roughly molded product without corrosion of ink tanks, ink ejection heads, and similar objects, and a large-sized and highly accurate three-dimensional molded product is obtained.

A filtration media is disclosed comprising a hydrophobic monomer grafted onto a support, the hydrophobic monomer having the structure:
CH.sub.2CR.sup.4C(O)NHC(R.sup.1R.sup.1)(C(R.sup.1R.sup.1)).sub.nC(O)XR.sup.3
wherein n is an integer of 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is independently selected from at least one of: a hydrogen atom, alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls, wherein the alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls have a total of 10 carbon atoms or less; R.sup.3 is a hydrophobic group selected from at least one of: alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers, wherein the alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers have a total number of carbon atoms ranging from 4 to 30; R.sup.4 is H or CH.sub.3; X is O or NH. In some embodiments the hydrophobic monomer is derived from an amine or an alcohol (HXR.sup.3) that has a hydrophilicity index of 25 or less. Such media may be used in applications such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography.

A filtration media is disclosed comprising a hydrophobic monomer grafted onto a support, the hydrophobic monomer having the structure:
CH.sub.2CR.sup.4C(O)NHC(R.sup.1R.sup.1)(C(R.sup.1R.sup.1)).sub.nC(O)XR.sup.3
wherein n is an integer of 0 or 1; R.sup.1 is independently selected from at least one of: a hydrogen atom, alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls, wherein the alkyls, aryls, and alkylaryls have a total of 10 carbon atoms or less; R.sup.3 is a hydrophobic group selected from at least one of: alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers, wherein the alkyls, aryls, alkylaryls and ethers have a total number of carbon atoms ranging from 4 to 30; R.sup.4 is H or CH.sub.3; X is O or NH. In some embodiments the hydrophobic monomer is derived from an amine or an alcohol (HXR.sup.3) that has a hydrophilicity index of 25 or less. Such media may be used in applications such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography.