Disclosed is a gel material having a high water content and excellent mechanical properties. The gel material includes repeating units derived from the following monomers (A) and (B): (A) an anionic monomer containing a polymerizable carbon-carbon multiple bond and an aromatic ring, and (B) a cationic monomer containing a polymerizable carbon-carbon multiple bond and an aromatic ring. The gel material has a water content of 20% by mass to 95% by mass, a tensile elastic modulus of 9 MPa to 1000 MPa, and a tensile elongation at break of 50% to 5000%.

The present invention provides certain polymeric materials, precursors thereof as well as the preparation and uses thereof.

Thiol-functionalized, hyper-crosslinked vinylbenylchloride-divinybenzene (VBC-DVB) copolymers having high mesopore volumes are provided. Also provided are methods of making the hyper-crosslinked copolymers and methods of using the hyper-crosslinked copolymers in the capture and remediation of metals, including heavy metals.

Provided are a cathode hybrid electrolyte for a solid secondary battery, a cathode including the cathode hybrid electrolyte, a method of preparing the cathode, and a solid secondary battery including the cathode hybrid electrolyte, wherein the cathode hybrid electrolyte includes an ion conductor represented by Formula 1, and an ionic liquid, where at least a portion of the anions of the ionic liquid comprise the same anionic moiety Y.sup. of the ion conductor,

##STR00001##

where, in Formula 1, X, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3, Y.sup., and n are the same as defined in the detailed description.

A method for preparing particles comprising a material suitable for catalysing oxygen reduction or hydrogen oxidation, the particles being grafted by grafts consisting of at least one specific polymer comprising at least one repeating styrene unit bearing at least one proton-conducting group.

An electrolyte for a secondary battery, the electrolyte including an ionic liquid polymer including a repeating unit represented by Formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein, in Formula 1, CY, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, X.sub.1.sup., n, and m are the same as described in the specification.

An electrolyte for a secondary battery, the electrolyte including an ionic liquid polymer including a repeating unit represented by Formula 1: ##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, CY, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, X.sub.1.sup., n, and m are the same as described in the specification.

The invention relates to alkenyl(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids, to the preparation and intermediates thereof, to the use thereof as monomers for the preparation of oligomers and/or polymers, to the corresponding oligomers/polymers, to the corresponding support materials comprising the oligomers/polymers, and to the use thereof as ion exchangers, as catalysts or extraction medium and corresponding salts thereof.

The invention relates to alkenyl(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinic acids, to the preparation and intermediates thereof, to the use thereof as monomers for the preparation of oligomers and/or polymers, to the corresponding oligomers/polymers, to the corresponding support materials comprising the oligomers/polymers, and to the use thereof as ion exchangers, as catalysts or extraction medium and corresponding salts thereof.

A method for manufacturing a polymer by performing an anionic polymerization reaction by a flow-type reaction, including: introducing a liquid A containing an anionic polymerizable monomer, a liquid B containing an anionic polymerization initiator, and a polymerization terminator into different flow paths respectively and causing the liquids to flow in the respective flow paths; causing the liquid A and the liquid B to join together by using a multilayered cylindrical mixer; subjecting the anionic polymerizable monomer to anionic polymerization while a solution formed by the joining is flowing to downstream in the reaction flow path; and causing a polymerization reaction solution flowing in a reaction flow path and the polymerization terminator to join together such that the polymerization reaction is terminated; and a flow-type reaction system suitable for performing the manufacturing method.