A process of preparing polybenzoxazines using an alkylammonium salt of an acid having a pKa in acetonitrile of 9 or more as catalyst is described.

A process of preparing polybenzoxazines using an alkylammonium salt of an acid having a pKa in acetonitrile of 9 or more as catalyst is described.

The present invention relates to a catalyst system which improves the work life of acid-catalyzed resole resins at higher ambient temperatures and provides extended shelf life. The catalyst system comprises an inorganic acid catalyst and one or more polyhydric alcohols. In particular, the present invention relates to a catalyst system wherein the inorganic acid and the alcohol do not convert to an ester when added to the resole resin.

The present invention relates to a catalyst system which improves the work life of acid-catalyzed resole resins at higher ambient temperatures and provides extended shelf life. The catalyst system comprises an inorganic acid catalyst and one or more polyhydric alcohols. In particular, the present invention relates to a catalyst system wherein the inorganic acid and the alcohol do not convert to an ester when added to the resole resin.

Provided are: a thermally curable composition which contains benzoxazine-based compounds obtained by condensing aromatic diamines, a phenol compound, and an aldehyde compound, the aromatic diamines being a mixture comprising 4,4-oxydianiline and 3,4-oxydianiline, the mass ratio of the 4,4-oxydianiline to the 3,4-oxydianiline being 50:50 to 80:20; a varnish of the thermally curable composition; and a thermally cured object.

Provided are: a thermally curable composition which contains benzoxazine-based compounds obtained by condensing aromatic diamines, a phenol compound, and an aldehyde compound, the aromatic diamines being a mixture comprising 4,4-oxydianiline and 3,4-oxydianiline, the mass ratio of the 4,4-oxydianiline to the 3,4-oxydianiline being 50:50 to 80:20; a varnish of the thermally curable composition; and a thermally cured object.

An anti-reflective hardmask composition contains: (a) an arylcarbazole derivative polymer represented by the following Chemical Formula 1 or a polymer blend containing the same; and (b) an organic solvent ##STR00001## in Chemical Formula 1, A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are each independently a (C.sub.6-C.sub.40) aromatic aryl group and are the same as or different from each other, R is t-butyloxycarbonyl (t-BOC), ethoxyethyl, isopropyloxyethyl, or tetrahydropyranyl, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are each a polymerization linkage group derived from aldehyde or an aldehyde acetal monomer capable of being one-to-one polymerized with an arylcarbazole derivative and A.sub.2 in the presence of an acid catalyst, m/(m+n) is in a range of 0.05 to 0.8, and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of an the polymer is in a range of 1,000 to 30,000.

A method of forming a carbon foam material comprises forming an emulsion may include a phenol formaldehyde and hexamine in monoethylene glycol and water, curing the emulsion to yield a cured resin, and carbonizing the cured resin to form the carbon foam material. Forming the emulsion may include dispersing the phenol formaldehyde and hexamine in the monoethylene glycol to form an initial solution, contacting the initial solution with the water to form an initial emulsion, and agitating the initial emulsion to form an agitated emulsion. The method may further comprise contacting the agitated emulsion with an oil. Also, a carbon foam material that may be characterized as exhibiting a density of less than about 0.500 g/cc, as exhibiting a compressive strength equal to or greater than about 200 psi, or both.

A method of forming a carbon foam material comprises forming an emulsion may include a phenol formaldehyde and hexamine in monoethylene glycol and water, curing the emulsion to yield a cured resin, and carbonizing the cured resin to form the carbon foam material. Forming the emulsion may include dispersing the phenol formaldehyde and hexamine in the monoethylene glycol to form an initial solution, contacting the initial solution with the water to form an initial emulsion, and agitating the initial emulsion to form an agitated emulsion. The method may further comprise contacting the agitated emulsion with an oil. Also, a carbon foam material that may be characterized as exhibiting a density of less than about 0.500 g/cc, as exhibiting a compressive strength equal to or greater than about 200 psi, or both.

A method for roughening a surface of a substrate, including: applying a composition containing inorganic particles and organic resin to the surface of the substrate and drying and curing the composition to form an organic resin layer; and etching the substrate by a solution containing hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, or an acid, to roughen the surface. Preferably, the solution contains hydrogen fluoride and ammonium fluoride or hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, the resin layer contains a ratio of the particles to the resin of 5 to 50 parts by mass to 100 parts by mass, and the composition is a mixture of silica sol wherein silica is dispersed as the inorganic particles in organic solvent or titanium oxide sol wherein titanium oxide is dispersed, with a solution of the organic resin.