The invention provides a structural base that includes a coating film on at least a portion of the surface thereof, the coating film having a difference between the maximum film thickness and the minimum film thickness of not more than 1000 ?. A method of the invention produces such structural bases. The coating film includes a copolymer including a repeating unit containing a group represented by formula (a), and a repeating unit containing a group represented by formula (b):

##STR00001##

wherein U.sup.a1, U.sup.a2, U.sup.b1, U.sup.b2, U.sup.b3 and An.sup.? are as defined herein.

Disclosed herein in various embodiments are aryl-ether free polyaromatic polymers based on random copolymer architecture with two, three, or more aromatic ring components and methods of preparing those polymers. The polymers of the present disclosure can be used as ion exchange membranes, e.g., as anion exchange membranes, and ionomer binders in alkaline electrochemical devices.

The present invention provides an electrically conductive polymer having excellent electrical conductivity. A polythiophene compound comprising a structural unit of following general formula (A) (wherein L is alkylene or the like; each of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 is independently an alkyl group, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or an ammonium group; R.sup.1A is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an acyl group or a group represented by formula (15); and each of L.sup.1, M.sup.1c and M.sup.2c are respectively the same as L, M.sup.1 and M.sup.2) and having a high absorbance ratio calculated by calculation formula (A.sub.2000/A.sub.407) from absorbance (A.sub.2000) at the wavelength of 2,000 nm and absorbance (A.sub.407) at the wavelength of 407 nm achieves excellent electrical conductivity. Further, an electrical conductive polymer of the present invention is useful as a material for solar cells.

##STR00001##

The disclosed technology relates generally to apparatus comprising conductive polymers and more particularly to tag and tag devices comprising a redox-active polymer film, and method of using and manufacturing the same. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a substrate and a conductive structure formed on the substrate which includes a layer of redox-active polymer film having mobile ions and electrons. The conductive structure further includes a first terminal and a second terminal configured to receive an electrical signal therebetween, where the layer of redox-active polymer is configured to conduct an electrical current generated by the mobile ions and the electrons in response to the electrical signal. The apparatus additionally includes a detection circuit operatively coupled to the conductive structure and configured to detect the electrical current flowing through the conductive structure.

A polymer compound including a repeating unit represented by Formula 1:

##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

The disclosed technology relates generally to apparatus comprising conductive polymers and more particularly to tag and tag devices comprising a redox-active polymer film, and method of using and manufacturing the same. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a substrate and a conductive structure formed on the substrate which includes a layer of redox-active polymer film having mobile ions and electrons. The conductive structure further includes a first terminal and a second terminal configured to receive an electrical signal therebetween, where the layer of redox-active polymer is configured to conduct an electrical current generated by the mobile ions and the electrons in response to the electrical signal. The apparatus additionally includes a detection circuit operatively coupled to the conductive structure and configured to detect the electrical current flowing through the conductive structure.

In an example, a process includes polymerizing a mixture that includes an ethylene monomer, a propylene monomer, and a diene monomer to form an ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) terpolymer using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The process further includes chemically reacting the EPDM terpolymer with a norbornene-based phosphinate cross-linking material to form a flame-retardant, cross-linked EPDM rubber.

In an example, a process includes polymerizing a mixture that includes an ethylene monomer, a propylene monomer, and a diene monomer to form an ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) terpolymer using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The process further includes chemically reacting the EPDM terpolymer with a norbornene-based phosphinate cross-linking material to form a flame-retardant, cross-linked EPDM rubber.

The present invention is directed to a versatile and high performance zwitterionic CP platform, which integrates all desired functions into one material. This zwitterionic CP consists of the conducting backbone and multifunctional zwitterionic side chains. Non-conducting zwitterionic materials gain electronic conductivity through the conducting backbone and CPs obtain excellent biocompatibility, sensitivity to environmental stimuli and controllable antifouling properties via multifunctional zwitterionic side chains. Unique properties from two distinct materials (conducting materials and zwitterionic materials) are integrated into one material without sacrificing any properties. This platform can potentially be adapted for a range of applications (e.g. bioelectronics, tissue engineering, wound healing, robotic prostheses, biofuel cell, etc.), which all require high performance conducting materials with excellent antifouling/biocompatibility at complex biointerfaces. This conducting material platform will significantly advance the development of conducting polymers in the field of biomedicine and biotechnology.

A method of producing a light emitting device which exhibits excellent light emission efficiency is provided. The light emitting device contains an anode, a cathode, a light emitting layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, and an encapsulating layer, and the method involves forming the light emitting layer by an application method using an iridium complex having an iridium atom as the central metal, forming the anode or the cathode, and forming the encapsulating layer. For the whole process, from initiation of the formation of the light emitting layer to completion of the formation of the encapsulating layer, during which the light emitting device in production is exposed to ozone, the average value of the ozone concentration: A ppb and the time interval: B min satisfy the formula: 0AB1000.