Poly(sulfonic acid)s including a multiplicity of sulfonic acid units separated by alkylene units in a polymer chain or a copolymer chain, the poly(sulfonic acid) having a degree of crosslinking in a range of from about 0.1 to about 30 percent. Methods of preparing poly(sulfonic acid)s having improved mechanical integrity. The methods may include synthesizing a poly(sulfonic acid) by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization and reacting a plurality of double bonds afforded by the ADMET polymerization with a crosslinker. The crosslinking reaction may achieve a degree of crosslinking in a range of from about 0.1 to about 30 percent.

A composition comprising: (a) a conductive polymer, (b) a resin having a solubility parameter of 9.0 to 12.0 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2, (c) a solvent, and (d) a phenolic compound.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a high molecular weight compound that has excellent hole injection and transport performance, is capable of blocking electrons, and is highly stable as a thin film. It is another object of the present invention to provide an organic EL element that includes an organic layer (thin film) made of the above-described high molecular weight compound, wherein the organic EL element has high light emission efficiency and a long lifespan. The high molecular weight compound according to the present invention includes a repeating unit represented by a general formula (3), that is constituted by a specific triarylamine structural unit and a specific bonding structural unit, and has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or more and less than 1,000,000 on a polystyrene basis.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing a fluorine-containing aromatic polymer; a method for producing the fluorine-containing aromatic polymer; etc. The problem can be solved by: a polymer having a monomer unit represented by formula (1) (wherein R.sup.1 in each occurrence is independently a halogen atom, NR.sup.11R.sup.12 (wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are independently a hydrogen atom or an organic group), or an organic group; n1 is an integer of 0 to 4; two R.sup.1s that can be present in the ortho-positions may form a ring together with two carbon atoms on the adjacent benzene ring, wherein the formed ring may have an organic group as a substituent; and L.sup.1 is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, -L.sup.11-O—, —O-L.sup.12-O—, -L.sup.13-S—, or —S-L.sup.14-S— (wherein L.sup.11 to L.sup.14 are each independently an alkylene group optionally having one or more substituents); etc.

Melt stable polyaryletherketoneketone are prepared from a reactive, lower molecular weight polyaryletherketoneketone having an ultraviolet absorbance at 455 nm of at least 0.185 when measured in 0.1% solution in dichloroacetic acid.

One embodiment relates to a charge transport polymer containing a molecular chain and terminal groups bonded to the molecular chain, wherein the terminal groups include a terminal group P containing a polymerizable functional group and a terminal group B containing an aromatic hydrocarbon group substituted with a branched or cyclic substituent, and among the carbon atoms contained in the ring of the aromatic hydrocarbon group, if the carbon atom that is bonded to the molecular chain is numbered 1, and numbers are assigned in order to the adjoining carbon atoms, then the branched or cyclic substituent is bonded to a carbon atom numbered 1+2n (wherein n is an integer of 1 or greater).

A ring-opened copolymer composition comprising a ring-opened copolymer containing structural unit derived from a norbornene compound represented by general formula (1) below and structural unit derived from a monocyclic olefin, wherein a content of a norbornene compound represented by general formula (1) is 1 ppm by weight or more and 1000 ppm by weight or less based on the ring-opened copolymer is provided.

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituent containing a halogen atom, a silicon atom, an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, and “m” is 0 or 1.

The present disclosure relates to a conjugated polymer and a perovskite solar cell including the same, more particularly to a conjugated polymer capable of improving moisture stability and thermal stability. When the conjugated polymer according to the present disclosure is used in an organic electronic device, superior efficiency can be maintained for a long period of time.

A method for depositing coating onto a substrate includes providing a monomer for creation of a protective coating on a substrate, energizing the monomer with a plasma generation system, and polymerizing the energized monomer onto the substrate in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber.

A layered film includes first, second, and third layers formed of first, second, and third resins, respectively, and provided in this order. The second resin contains an alkoxysilyl group-modified product of a hydrogenated product of a block copolymer; has 0.020% by weight or less of a moisture content as measured by the Karl-Fischer method after immersed in water at 37 C. for 24 hours and then allowed to stand at 23 C. and a humidity of 70% for 24 hours; and has a flexural modulus lower than flexural moduli of the first and third resins. One or both of the first and third resins contain a polymer containing an alicyclic structure. The first resin has a specific water vapor transmission rate. A ratio of a sum of thicknesses of the first and third layers relative to a thickness of the second layer is in a specific range.