Composite particles contained in an ink are particles of a composite of a polyester resin including a sulfonic acid group and a basic dye. The polyester resin has a glass transition point of 40° C. to 70° C. The polyester resin includes a first repeating unit derived from a polyvalent carboxylic acid having the sulfonic acid group, a second repeating unit derived from a polyvalent carboxylic acid having no sulfonic acid group, and a third repeating unit derived from a polyhydric alcohol. The content ratio of the first repeating unit relative to the total amount of the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit is at least 1.5 mol % and no greater than 20.0 mol %. The mass ratio of the polyester resin to the basic dye is at least 1.0 and no greater than 10.0.

Provided is a waterborne resin crosslinking agent and the like capable of obtaining a waterborne resin crosslinking agent-containing liquid excellent in storage stability and the like as well as a cured film (waterborne resin coating film) with sufficiently high gloss (relative-specular glossiness). The waterborne resin crosslinking agent including a polycarbodiimide compound (A) and a polycarbodiimide compound (B), wherein the polycarbodiimide compound (A) has a structure in which isocyanate groups at both terminals are each capped with a hydrophilic organic compound, and at least one of the hydrophilic organic compounds has a molecular weight of more than 350, the polycarbodiimide compound (B) has a structure in which isocyanate groups at both terminals are each capped with a compound having a molecular weight of 250 or less, represented by the following formula (1):

R.sup.1(OCHR.sup.2CH.sub.2).sub.mOH  (1)

wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, or aryl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, or a propyl group, and m is a numeral of 1 to 4, and the polycarbodiimide compound (A) is in an amount of 5 to 95 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass in total of the polycarbodiimide compound (A) and the polycarbodiimide compound (B).

Provided is a waterborne resin crosslinking agent and the like capable of obtaining a waterborne resin crosslinking agent-containing liquid excellent in storage stability and the like as well as a cured film (waterborne resin coating film) with sufficiently high gloss (relative-specular glossiness). The waterborne resin crosslinking agent including a polycarbodiimide compound (A) and a polycarbodiimide compound (B), wherein the polycarbodiimide compound (A) has a structure in which isocyanate groups at both terminals are each capped with a hydrophilic organic compound, and at least one of the hydrophilic organic compounds has a molecular weight of more than 350, the polycarbodiimide compound (B) has a structure in which isocyanate groups at both terminals are each capped with a compound having a molecular weight of 250 or less, represented by the following formula (1):

R.sup.1(OCHR.sup.2CH.sub.2).sub.mOH  (1)

wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, or aryl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, or a propyl group, and m is a numeral of 1 to 4, and the polycarbodiimide compound (A) is in an amount of 5 to 95 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass in total of the polycarbodiimide compound (A) and the polycarbodiimide compound (B).

A metal fine particle dispersion including metal fine particles A, a polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ether B, and a polyol C. A content mass ratio of the polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ether B to the metal fine particles A (polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ether B/metal fine particles A) is not less than 0.5 and not more than 1.5, and the metal fine particles A are dispersed in the dispersion with a dispersant D.

A metal fine particle dispersion including metal fine particles A, a polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ether B, and a polyol C. A content mass ratio of the polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ether B to the metal fine particles A (polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ether B/metal fine particles A) is not less than 0.5 and not more than 1.5, and the metal fine particles A are dispersed in the dispersion with a dispersant D.

The present invention relates to thermoformable and/or stretchable ink formulations based on silver nanoparticles. In particular, the present invention relates to ink formulations based on silver nanoparticles, polyurethane and metal microparticles of silver, copper and/or nickel.

The present invention relates to thermoformable and/or stretchable ink formulations based on silver nanoparticles. In particular, the present invention relates to ink formulations based on silver nanoparticles, polyurethane and metal microparticles of silver, copper and/or nickel.

Described herein are non-stoichiometric perovskite ink solutions, comprising: a first composition of formula FA.sub.1-xCs.sub.xBX.sub.3; a second composition of CsX, FAX, REX.sub.3, or REX.sub.2; and one or more solvents; wherein x, X, RE, and B are as defined herein. Methods for preparing polycrystalline perovskite films using the non-stoichiometric ink solutions and the use of the films in large-size solar modules are additionally described.

Described herein are non-stoichiometric perovskite ink solutions, comprising: a first composition of formula FA.sub.1-xCs.sub.xBX.sub.3; a second composition of CsX, FAX, REX.sub.3, or REX.sub.2; and one or more solvents; wherein x, X, RE, and B are as defined herein. Methods for preparing polycrystalline perovskite films using the non-stoichiometric ink solutions and the use of the films in large-size solar modules are additionally described.

The present invention relates to an n-type conductive composition comprising a rigid conjugated polymer having a dihedral angle from 0° to 20° and an n-type polymeric cation. Further, the present invention relates to an n-type conductive ink comprising such a composition.