Provided is a primer composition capable of forming, in a short time, a primer coating film excellent in adhesion to a metal substrate, adhesion to a polyamide resin-containing finish coating film, and corrosion resistance. A primer composition comprises: a phenol resin (A); a polyamide resin (B); and a solvent (C), wherein the phenol resin (A) is a resol-type phenol resin, the polyamide resin (B) is soluble in the solvent (C), and a solid content mass ratio (A/B) between the phenol resin (A) and the polyamide resin (B) is 80/20 to 99/1.

The present disclosure describes surface formulations that form a layer on surfaces and comprise a phenol selected from: (I), (II), (III), (IV) or (V), with detailed descriptions of variables herein.

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The present disclosure describes surface formulations that form a layer on surfaces and comprise a phenol selected from: (I), (II), (III), (IV) or (V), with detailed descriptions of variables herein.

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The embodiments described herein generally relate to methods and chemical compositions of phenolic epoxy systems. In one embodiment, a composition comprising a phenolic epoxy resin system includes an epoxy resin component and an alkoxylated phenol-aldehyde novolac resin.

The embodiments described herein generally relate to methods and chemical compositions of phenolic epoxy systems. In one embodiment, a composition comprising a phenolic epoxy resin system includes an epoxy resin component and an alkoxylated phenol-aldehyde novolac resin.

A compound represented by the following formula (1).

##STR00001##

(In the formula (1), A is a group containing a heteroatom; R.sup.1 is a 2n-valent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent; R.sup.2 to R.sup.5 are each independently a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an alkenyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an alkynyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, a halogen atom, a nitro group, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, a crosslinkable group, a dissociation group, a thiol group or a hydroxy group, wherein the alkyl group, the aryl group, the alkenyl group and the alkoxy group each optionally contain an ether bond, a ketone bond or an ester bond and at least one R.sup.4 and/or at least one R.sup.5 is a hydroxy group and/or a thiol group; m.sup.2 and m.sup.3 are each independently an integer of 0 to 8; m.sup.4 and m.sup.5 are each independently an integer of 0 to 9; n is an integer of 1 to 4; and p.sup.2 to p.sup.5 are each independently an integer of 0 to 2.)

A food or beverage container coating composition, coated article, and method of coating, wherein the coating composition comprises: a film-forming polymer; and a resole phenolic resin comprising the reaction product of components comprising an aldehyde and a phenol group-containing compound, wherein the phenol group-containing compound comprises one or more phenyl rings (preferably, two or more phenyl rings), at least two hydroxy groups, each of which is directly bonded to the one or more phenyl rings, and at least four (preferably, at least five) open sites ortho and/or para to the hydroxy groups; wherein the composition is thermally curable.

A food or beverage container coating composition, coated article, and method of coating, wherein the coating composition comprises: a film-forming polymer; and a resole phenolic resin comprising the reaction product of components comprising an aldehyde and a phenol group-containing compound, wherein the phenol group-containing compound comprises one or more phenyl rings (preferably, two or more phenyl rings), at least two hydroxy groups, each of which is directly bonded to the one or more phenyl rings, and at least four (preferably, at least five) open sites ortho and/or para to the hydroxy groups; wherein the composition is thermally curable.

A hardmask composition, a hardmask layer, and a method of forming patterns, the composition including a solvent; and a polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1,

##STR00001## wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, A is a substituted or unsubstituted dihydroxypyrene moiety, and E is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrenyl group.

A hardmask composition, a hardmask layer, and a method of forming patterns, the composition including a solvent; and a polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1,

##STR00001## wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, A is a substituted or unsubstituted dihydroxypyrene moiety, and E is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrenyl group.