A fuel and nanodiamond mixture includes a fuel for combustion and a fuel additive in the form of nanodiamonds mixed into the fuel to be dispersed throughout the fuel.

The present invention includes a fuel injection amount sensor for detecting an injection amount of oil, a pretreatment desulfurization agent injection amount sensor for detecting an injection amount of a pretreatment desulfurization agent, and a control panel for controlling and monitoring the injection amount of the pretreatment desulfurization agent so that the predetermined desulfurization agent is mixed with the fuel in a predetermined mixing ratio. The fuel injection amount sensor is disposed on a fuel supply line between a fuel tank and a marine engine, and the pretreatment desulfurization agent injection amount sensor is disposed between a downstream fuel supply line installed downstream of the fuel injection amount sensor and a pretreatment desulfurization agent tank.

Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization system including a desulfurization agent storage tank for storing a liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent and a metering pump for supplying the liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent from the desulfurization agent storage tank to a fuel supply line through which marine fuel oil is supplied to a marine engine in a predetermined ratio. Since a fluid mixture composed of the marine fuel oil and the pretreatment desulfurization agent is supplied to the marine engine, sulfur oxides are adsorbed and removed during combustion of the fluid mixture.

A formulation and methods for making high energy organic fuels that incorporate suspended metal particles with metal particle sized ranging from 33 nm to 5 micron. The hybrid organic fuels contain superior density and/or energy content to conventional liquid organic fuels. These hybrid organic fuels used in combination with metal particle afford fuels with 5 to 80% more net heat of combustion (based on volume). These fuels should extend the distant range for jets, liquid rocket engines, SCRAM jet engines, and improve energy content in fuel-air explosive applications such as fuel-air explosives and in the Multi-Effects Weapons System (MEWS) where the fuel is used both for propulsion and explosive effects.

A combustion process wherein a fuel, a comburent and a component B), sulphur or sulphur containing compounds, are fed to the combuster in an amount to have a molar ratio B/A.sup.I0.5, wherein: B is the sum by moles between the amount of sulphur present in component B)+the amount of sulphur (component B.sup.II)) contained in the fuel, A.sup.I is the sum by moles between the amount of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals (component A.sup.II)) contained in the fuel+the amount of the alkaline and/or alkaline earth metals (component A)) in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), being the combustor isothermal and flameless.

The inventive technology includes methods and apparatus for the generation and application of segregated catalytic additives for the pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous fuel and/or feedstocks. The application of such segregated additives results in the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions during combustion as well as gasification processes. Specifically, pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous materials with the inventive additives results in the reduction of NOx and/or mercury emissions by least 20% and 40% respectively.

Provided is a fuel oil composition comprising a liquid fuel and carbon black with a particle diameter less than 1 micron. The content of the carbon black is from 0.001 wt % to 4 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid fuel. By way of adding carbon black with the particle diameter less than 1 micron, combustion efficiency of the fuel oil composition used in the internal combustion engine is improved, reducing the emissions of the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide to reduce greenhouse gas production.

There is described a hydro-fuel composition of a water solution containing hydrogen, wherein the water solution has less than 1000 ppm total dissolved solids, and an oxidation reduction potential of less than 250 milliVolts. The hydro-fuel composition can be used in a diesel engine after the temperature of the diesel engine reaches a temperature of 80 C. to 90 C.

The present invention relates, inter alia, to a process for enriching a hydrocarbon fuel for use in an internal combustion engine, the process comprising: (i) contacting a hydrocarbon fuel with a gas stream containing hydrogen gas such that at least some of the hydrogen gas is introduced into the hydrocarbon fuel to produce an enriched hydrocarbon fuel; and optionally (ii) delivering the enriched hydrocarbon fuel to an internal combustion engine. The present invention further provides a device for use in the process.

Disclosed herein is a method for synthesizing a nano-emulsion fuel composition. The method may include forming a water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing water into a fossil fuel in the presence of a surfactant, synthesizing carbon quantum dots with an average diameter between 0.5 nanometers to 20 nanometers, forming a mixture of the synthesized carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing the synthesized carbon quantum dots into the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion; the carbon quantum dots comprising 1 ppm to 10000 ppm of the mixture, and forming a nano-emulsion fuel composition by mixing a biofuel into the mixture of carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion.