Fouling in a hydrocarbon refining process is reduced by adding to a crude hydrocarbon for a refining process, an additive combination including: (A) a polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, and (B) an overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent,
where the mass:mass ratio of (A) to (B) is in the range of 10:1 to 1:10, and the treat rate of the additive combination is in the range of 5 to 1000 ppm by mass.

A quaternary ammonium salt detergent made from the reaction product of the reaction of: (a) polyalkene-substituted amine having at least one tertiary amino group; and (b) a quaternizing agent suitable for converting the tertiary amino group to a quaternary nitrogen and the use of such quaternary ammonium salt detergents in a fuel composition to reduce intake valve deposits.

The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.

A gasoline additive composition includes an oxygenate gasoline additive; and an optical brightener. The gasoline additive composition can be used in a gasoline blend.

The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.

A method of charging and/or discharging energy in reusable fuel workpieces or particles includes a solar furnace with counter-flowing workpieces and gas, to exchange heat therebetween, with the exiting gas and workpieces being at about ambient temperature. A further aspect employs a production plant including a reduction reactor configured to use excess electrical energy generated by renewable power generators to charge and/or discharge solid-state thermochemical fuel. Another aspect includes a fuel flow control valve using air pulses. An oxygen-deprived and reusable fuel, such as magnesium manganese oxide, or magnesium iron oxide, is also provided. In another aspect, an apparatus for producing a solid-state fuel includes a reduction reactor including a reactor chamber configured to receive concentrated solar energy, and a reactor tube having a recuperation zone, a reduction zone, and a quenching zone, wherein the reduction zone passes through the reactor chamber. A discharged solid-state fuel is configured to be fed down the reactor tube and a low-oxygen gas is configured to flow up the reactor tube.

The present embodiments describe a method to reduce vanadium corrosion in a gas turbine by adding an oleophilic corrosion inhibitor into a combustion fuel, in which the oleophilic corrosion inhibitor comprises carbon black support particles and magnesium bonded to the carbon black support particles. The carbon black support particles comprise a particle size less than 40 nanometer (nm), and oxygen content less than 1 weight percent (wt %), and a surface area of at least 50 square meters per gram (m.sup.2/gram).

The present embodiments describe a method to reduce vanadium corrosion in a gas turbine by adding an oleophilic corrosion inhibitor into a combustion fuel, in which the oleophilic corrosion inhibitor comprises carbon black support particles and magnesium bonded to the carbon black support particles. The carbon black support particles comprise a particle size less than 40 nanometer (nm), and oxygen content less than 1 weight percent (wt %), and a surface area of at least 50 square meters per gram (m.sup.2/gram).

The present invention relates to a bioadditive for heavy oils that serves to reduce polluting emissions and bio-enhancer of the combustion performance for heavy oils, which comprises methyl esters of raps oil, also called raps biodiesel, in the range of up to 80% v/v, surfactants in the range of up to 80% v/v, diluents in the range of up to 20% v/v and metal oxides between 0.1-5 g/L.

The present invention relates to a hydrogen sulfide scavenging additive composition, wherein the composition comprises: a. an additive 1 comprising at least one compound selected from the group comprising zinc compound, zinc soap, and zinc salt of organic acid; and b. at least one activator comprising one or more hydroxyl alkylated amine.

In one embodiment, the composition further comprises an additive 2 comprising polyphosphoric acid (PPA).

In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method of using the hydrogen sulfide scavenging additive compositions of the present invention for scavenging the hydrogen sulfide in the medium.

In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method of scavenging hydrogen sulphide in the medium by employing the hydrogen sulfide scavenging additive compositions of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a medium comprising hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) scavenging additive compositions of the present invention.