Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization system including a desulfurization agent storage tank for storing a liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent and a metering pump for supplying the liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent from the desulfurization agent storage tank to a fuel supply line through which marine fuel oil is supplied to a marine engine in a predetermined ratio. Since a fluid mixture composed of the marine fuel oil and the pretreatment desulfurization agent is supplied to the marine engine, sulfur oxides are adsorbed and removed during combustion of the fluid mixture.

A system includes a turbine combustor and one or more supply circuits configured to supply one or more fluids to the turbine combustor. The one or more supply circuits include at least a liquid fuel supply circuit fluidly coupled to a liquid fuel source and configured to supply a liquid fuel from the liquid fuel source to the turbine combustor. The system also includes a corrosion inhibitor injection system including a magnesium source storing a magnesium-based inhibitor that includes magnesium oxide (MgO) and an yttrium source storing an yttrium-based inhibitor that includes yttrium oxide (Y.sub.2O.sub.3). The corrosion inhibitor injection system is fluidly coupled to the turbine combustor and the one or more supply circuits, and is configured to inject the magnesium-based inhibitor and the yttrium-based inhibitor as vanadium corrosion inhibitors into the turbine combustor or the one or more supply circuits.

A process based on the combined use of yttrium and magnesium to inhibit vanadium corrosion of high temperature parts of thermal equipment. The combined use of yttrium and magnesium, applied in a variable yttrium/magnesium ratio, compared with conventional magnesium inhibition, may reduce emission of magnesium vanadate and minimize losses of performance due to fouling of the high temperature parts, including in the presence of alkali metals. Further, compared with inhibition based on yttrium alone, it may reduce the inhibition cost and reinforce the protection against combined vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate corrosion.

A fuel element adapted for use in a smoking article is provided, the fuel element including a combustible carbonaceous material in an amount of at least 25% by dry weight, based on the weight of the fuel element, and a particulate ignition aid dispersed throughout the fuel element and selected from ceramic particles, cellulose particles, fullerenes, impregnated activated carbon particles, inorganic salts, and combinations thereof, wherein the average particle size of the ignition aid is less than about 1,000 microns. Also provided are elongate smoking articles having a lighting end and an opposed mouth end, and including the above-noted fuel element configured for ignition of the lighting end.

The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.

The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.

The present invention is a fuel additive that includes adducts which have been formed in a solution of metallic ions, ethanol and water. In particular, the adducts are formed for the fuel additive when the solution is electromagnetically radiated. When formed, the adducts have relatively strong permanent dipoles that will influence the temporary dipoles of hydrocarbons in untreated fuel. Specifically, under the influence of the fuel additive, hydrocarbons in the treated fuel will exhibit permanent dipoles that more effectively interact with oxygen molecules from air when the treated fuel is atomized in air in a combustion chamber.

The present invention provides a high-energy-density slurry fuel, a preparation method, and an application. The high-energy-density slurry fuel comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 3%-40% of aluminum-based-metal hydride composite fuel; 53.6%-96% of high-density liquid hydrocarbon fuel; 0.2%-2% of anti-settling agent; and 0.2%-5% of other performance regulators, wherein an aluminum-based-metal hydride is a composite material that disperses and distributes a metal hydride inside aluminum powder particles. The high-energy-density slurry fuel may be used as a fuel for an engine such as a ramjet engine or a rocket engine. Compared with the existing liquid fuel, the present high-energy-density slurry fuel has the characteristics of high density (.sub.20 C.>0.9 g/cm3), high heat value (greater than 38 MJ/kg), rapid ignition, and efficient combustion; and compared with the existing slurry fuel, the present high-energy-density slurry fuel has the advantages of rapid ignition, efficient combustion, and no residue or less residue in combustion products.

A method of operating of a gas turbine engine to inhibit vanadic corrosion of the gas turbine engine is provided. The gas turbine engine burns a vanadium-contaminated fuel and includes a component configured to be in contact with combustion gases. The method includes introducing into a combustion system of the gas turbine engine a first oxide and at least one second oxide. The first oxide includes magnesium oxide, and the at least one second oxide includes at least one of aluminum oxide, iron (III) oxide, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide. The method further includes cleaning at least a portion of the component using a cleaning agent containing a liquid vector and at least one descaling material that is suspended in the liquid vector. The at least one descaling material is an inorganic material.

A method for manufacturing a coal additive that is added to coal as a solid fuel to microgranulate and uniformize the coal, thereby increasing the combustion area of the coal, leading to a decrease in combustion time and a reduction in unburned carbon generation. A raw material for the coal additive is prepared as a liquid phase by placing, in a container, a fermented liquid, which is an extract obtained from the incubation of fermenting bacteria (enzyme) in fruit residues, and an emulsion of metal ions and bentonite or gelrite, followed by mixing. Coal may be subjected to microgranulation and uniformization as a solid fuel by addition of the liquefied additive to the coal. The degree of coal powder is improved to increase combustion area, thereby shortening combustion time and reducing generation of unburned carbon, leading to increasing energy efficiency, which is environmentally friendly and safe and has remarkable effects.