Methods of treatment are provided herein, including administration of a population cells modified to enforce expression of an E-selectin and/or an L-selectin ligand, the modified cell population having a cell viability of at least 70% after a treatment to enforce such expression.

Provided herein are methods and kits for distinguishing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from 5-methylcytosine.

The disclosure relates to a method of producing induced beta cells from urine-derived cells, the method comprising providing urine-derived cells; inducing the urine-derived cells by culturing said urine-derived cells in a primary induction culture medium comprising an effective amount of at least one small molecule reprogramming factor(s) for a first period of time to obtain induced endoderm cells; inducing the induced endoderm cells by culturing said induced endoderm cells in a secondary induction culture medium comprising an effective amount of at least one small molecule reprogramming factor(s) for a second period of time to obtain induced pancreatic precursor cells; and inducing the induced pancreatic precursor cells by culturing said pancreatic precursor cells in a tertiary induction culture medium comprising an effective amount of at least one small molecule reprogramming factor(s) for a third period of time to obtain induced beta cells.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

It has been discovered that CD34.sup.neg cells, for example HSPCs, can be modified to increase their ability to migrate and to engraft in bone marrow. One embodiment provides a method for modifying CD34.sup.neg cells by using glycosyltransferase-programmed stereosubstitution (GPS) to create relevant selectin-binding glycan determinants on the cell surface. For example, the CD34.sup.neg cells can be treated with a fucosyltransferase, such as an (1,3)-linkage-specific fucosyltransferase. Representative enzymes that can be used include, but are not limited to fucosyltransferase VI (FTVI or FucT-6) or fucosyltransferase VII (FTVII of FucT-7). These enzymes specifically places a fucose onto a terminal type 2-lactosamine unit; if that lactosamine is capped with an (2,3)-linked sialic acid, sLe.sup.x is created.

Methods for producing hepatocyte and/or cholangiocyte lineage cells from pluripotent stem cells, the method comprising (a) specifying the extended nodal agonist treated induced endodermal cell population to obtain a cell population comprising hepatocyte and/or cholangiocyte progenitors by contacting the extended nodal agonist treated induced endodermal cell population with specification media comprising a FGF agonist and a BMP4 agonist and/or active conjugates and/or fragments thereof; (b) inducing maturation, and optionally further lineage specification and/or expansion of the hepatocyte and/or cholangiocyte progenitors of the cell population to obtain a population comprising hepatocyte lineage cells such as hepatoblasts, hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes, the inducing maturation step comprising generating aggregates of the cell population. Optionally, the method also comprises activating the cAMP pathway within the aggregates and forming co-aggregates.

The present invention relates to 2 cell-like stem cells and particularly, although not exclusively, the generation of such cells from pluripotent stem cells.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.