The present invention relates to compositions, kits and methods for making and using RNA compositions comprising in vitro-synthesized ssRNA inducing a biological or biochemical effect in a mammalian cell or organism into which the RNA composition is repeatedly or continuously introduced. In certain embodiments, the invention provides compositions and methods for changing the state of differentiation or phenotype of a human or other vertebrate cell. For example, the present invention provides mRNA and methods for reprogramming cells that exhibit a first differentiated state or phenotype to cells that exhibit a second differentiated state or phenotype, such as to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells.

The present invention relates to compositions, kits and methods for making and using RNA compositions comprising in vitro-synthesized ssRNA inducing a biological or biochemical effect in a mammalian cell or organism into which the RNA composition is repeatedly or continuously introduced. In certain embodiments, the invention provides compositions and methods for changing the state of differentiation or phenotype of a human or other vertebrate cell. For example, the present invention provides mRNA and methods for reprogramming cells that exhibit a first differentiated state or phenotype to cells that exhibit a second differentiated state or phenotype, such as to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells.

The present disclosure relates to a novel method, expression vectors, and host cells for producing nicotinamide riboside by regulating the pathways that lead to the production of nicotinamide riboside.

The present disclosure relates to a novel method, expression vectors, and host cells for producing nicotinamide riboside by regulating the pathways that lead to the production of nicotinamide riboside.

Microorganisms which efficiently produce nicotinamide riboside, and microorganisms which can efficiently produce both nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside. Nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside can be produced by culturing lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genus Fructobacillus.

Provided herein is a one-pot method of synthesising a C-nucleoside-5-monophosphate such as pseudouridine-5-monophosphate, from an N-nucleoside using a multi-step enzymatic pathway. The method comprises reacting the N-nucleoside with a phosphate source and nucleoside phosphorylase to form a pentose-1-phosphate intermediate, reacting the pentose-1-phosphate intermediate with a phosphomutase to form pentose-5-phosphate intermediate, and reacting the pentose-5-phosphate intermediate with a nucleoside-5-phosphate C-glycosidase to form the C-nucleoside-5-monophosphate.

The present disclosure provides methods for synthesizing modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides comprising at least one 2-C-Bridged Bicyclic Nucleotide, and to intermediates used in the process.

This invention provides compositions, reagents, methods, and kits for producing derivatized RNA molecules, particular mRNA molecules encoding a polypeptide and in particular a therapeutic protein, derivatized by linkage to a peptide, aptamer, synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotide or molecular probe, capable of targeting the derivatized RNA molecules to a particular subcellular location in a target cell.

This invention provides compositions, reagents, methods, and kits for producing derivatized RNA molecules, particular mRNA molecules encoding a polypeptide and in particular a therapeutic protein, derivatized by linkage to a peptide, aptamer, synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotide or molecular probe, capable of targeting the derivatized RNA molecules to a particular subcellular location in a target cell.

The present disclosure relates to engineered acetate kinase enzymes and compositions thereof, recombinant polynucleotides encoding the engineered acetate kinase enzymes, and method of using the engineered acetate kinase enzymes.