A nanoscale protein-sensing platform with a non-equilibrium on-off switch that employs dielectrophoretic and hydrodynamic shear forces to overcome these thermodynamic limitations with irreversible kinetics. The detection sensitivity is achieved with complete association of the antibody-antigen-antibody (Ab-Ag-Ab) complex by precisely and rapidly assembling carbon nanotubes (CNT) across two parallel electrodes via sequential DC electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis (DEP), and with single-CNT electron tunneling conductance. The high selectivity is achieved with a critical hydrodynamic shear rate between the activated dissociation shear rates of target and non-target linkers of the aligned CNTs.

Embodiments herein provide a membrane that is a product of a phenol crosslinked with one or more compounds containing an allyl group. The phenol may be electropolymerized with the allyl-containing compounds to form the crosslinked polymer. Suitable allyl-containing compounds include allylphenol, allylalcohol, allylamine, and allylcarbamide. A membrane may have one type of allyl-containing compound, or, alternatively, two or more types of compounds. As used in an analyte sensing device, a membrane formed from a crosslinked phenol may provide improved interference exclusion, peroxide response, stability, and/or solvent resistance.

An electrochemical biosensor using a sensing system includes a working electrode including an active surface modified through a linker; and an auxiliary electrode. The sensor has a high current value compared with an existing sensor and retains excellent stability and sensitivity, and thus can be expected to be easily used for sensing various kinds of biomaterials.

The present disclosure relates to a composition for a crosslinking agent for the preparation of a sensing layer or a diffusion control layer of an electrochemical biosensor comprising genipin or a derivative thereof, in which due to the properties of genipin that can be extracted and used from plants, not only it has high biocompatibility compared to conventional crosslinking agents with high toxicity, but also it can easily confirm the progress of the reaction by measuring UV or measuring the amount of amine groups present when reacting with a compound having an amine group, for example, an electron transport medium, and additionally, it has the advantage of suppressing a rapid decrease in sensor life due to high concentration of glucose while maintaining an appropriate sensitivity to glucose.

Certain embodiments are directed to sensors that enable the use of optimized biocompatible materials such as pre-anodized paper printed electrode transducer to detect binding of a target agent, wherein the surface is modified or functionalized through zero length cross-linker so that it interacts with or specifically binds a target such as sugars (glucose) or glycated proteins (HgbA1c).

Devices and methods are described for providing continuous measurement of an analyte concentration. In some embodiments, the devices include a membrane that has an interference domain designed to reduce the permeation of one or more interferents.

In one embodiment, a working electrode to detect the presence of an analyte is disclosed. The working electrode includes an electrical insulator having a well. The working further includes an electrical conductor that is positioned at the bottom of the well and a reactive chemistry that includes a dehydrogenase based enzyme and cofactor at least partially filling the well. Where the reactive chemistry has a minimum molecular weight and a hydrogel is located over the reactive chemistry. The hydrogel is in contact with the insulation and the reactive chemistry and the hydrogel has a porosity less than the minimum molecular weight of the reactive chemistry.

A modified redox enzyme includes a dehydrogenated redox enzyme and a modification chain segment. The dehydrogenated redox enzyme includes at least one dehydrogenated thiol group, and the modification chain segment has a structure of Formula (1) and is bonded to the dehydrogenated thiol group. The dehydrogenated redox enzyme includes at least one dehydrogenated amino group, and the modification chain segment has the structure of Formula (2) and is bonded to the dehydrogenated amino group.

##STR00001##

A.sub.1 is a first chain segment having a first -conjugated system, X is hydrogen, alkyl, carboxyl, amide, or ester group, n.sub.1 is an integer from 0 to 20, and m.sub.1 is an integer from 0 to 20;

##STR00002##

A.sub.2 is a second chain segment having a second -conjugated system, n.sub.2 is an integer from 0 to 20, and m.sub.2 is an integer from 0 to 20.

In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a reagent layer comprising a polymer containing a proton accepting group in a repeating unit and having a pH buffering ability, and an oxidoreductase that oxidizes or dehydrogenates an analyte.

Techniques includes measuring, using a creatine sensor, a creatine sensor current signal (I2) of a first calibration solution (CS2). A creatine sensor sensitivity (Slope) for the creatine sensor is based on the creatine sensor current signal (I2). The first calibration solution (CS2) has a known concentration of creatine (CR_CS2), a known concentration of creatinine (CREA_CS2), and a stable ratio of creatine to creatinine over a range of temperatures for a predefined shelf-life of the first calibration solution (CS2). The Techniques include measuring, using the creatine sensor, a measured creatine concentration (MCR_CS3) of a second calibration solution (CS3). The second calibration solution (CS3) has an initial known creatine concentration (CR_CS3), an initial known creatinine concentration (CREA_CS3), and an unstable ratio of creatine to creatinine that changes over the predefined shelf-life. Concentrations of creatine and creatinine in a sample are thereafter estimated.