An aspect of the present disclosure provides time and energy-efficient synthesis of catalysts for water electrolysis. An exemplary synthesis method includes dissolving amounts of Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3.9H.sub.2O and Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3.5H.sub.2O in deionized water at ambient temperature to form a solution, placing Ni foam into the solution where the Ni foam serves as a substrate and a Ni source for growth of sulfur-doped (Ni,Fe)OOH (S—(Ni,Fe)OOH) catalysts, leaving the Ni foam in the solution at ambient temperature for a duration between one minute and five minutes to provide a treated foam where the S—(Ni,Fe)OOH catalysts grow on the substrate during the duration, and removing the treated foam from the solution after the duration.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides time and energy-efficient synthesis of catalysts for water electrolysis. An exemplary synthesis method includes dissolving amounts of Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3.9H.sub.2O and Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3.5H.sub.2O in deionized water at ambient temperature to form a solution, placing Ni foam into the solution where the Ni foam serves as a substrate and a Ni source for growth of sulfur-doped (Ni,Fe)OOH (S—(Ni,Fe)OOH) catalysts, leaving the Ni foam in the solution at ambient temperature for a duration between one minute and five minutes to provide a treated foam where the S—(Ni,Fe)OOH catalysts grow on the substrate during the duration, and removing the treated foam from the solution after the duration.

A method for the electrochemical preparation of alkanedicarboxylic acids involves a ring-opening oxidation with a doped Ni(O)OH foam electrode in an aqueous alkaline solution.

A method for the electrochemical preparation of alkanedicarboxylic acids involves a ring-opening oxidation with a doped Ni(O)OH foam electrode in an aqueous alkaline solution.

An electrolytic eluent generator includes an electrolyte reservoir and at least one eluent generation cartridge. The electrolyte reservoir includes a chamber containing an aqueous electrolyte solution; and a first electrode. The at least one eluent generation cartridge includes a platinum mesh electrode; a polymer screen; a plurality of reinforced membranes; a membrane washer; and a spacer including a central post and an annular projection.

An electrolytic eluent generator includes an electrolyte reservoir and at least one eluent generation cartridge. The electrolyte reservoir includes a chamber containing an aqueous electrolyte solution; and a first electrode. The at least one eluent generation cartridge includes a platinum mesh electrode; a polymer screen; a plurality of reinforced membranes; a membrane washer; and a spacer including a central post and an annular projection.

A foam electrode comprising surface treatment by the steps of: 1) impregnating soft compressible polymeric foams with a conductive coating via sequential infiltration synthesis and 2) functionalizing the chemically altered voids with an ultrathin redox coating to enhance capacitive deionization (CDI). The redox coating will allow treated foam to absorb ions under the application of a bias, and mechanical compression/decompression. The CDI apparatus uses the void volume of the foam in the uncompressed state to flow liquids through it while the compressed state is used to enhance desalination by limiting the diffusion pathways for the ions to find an adsorption surface.

A foam electrode comprising surface treatment by the steps of: 1) impregnating soft compressible polymeric foams with a conductive coating via sequential infiltration synthesis and 2) functionalizing the chemically altered voids with an ultrathin redox coating to enhance capacitive deionization (CDI). The redox coating will allow treated foam to absorb ions under the application of a bias, and mechanical compression/decompression. The CDI apparatus uses the void volume of the foam in the uncompressed state to flow liquids through it while the compressed state is used to enhance desalination by limiting the diffusion pathways for the ions to find an adsorption surface.

The present disclosure relates to a transition metal-doped nickel phosphide nanostructure, a method for preparing the same, and a catalyst for electrochemical water decomposition including the transition metal-doped nickel phosphide nanostructure. More specifically, a transition metal-doped nickel phosphide nanostructure can be prepared by converting a zinc oxide nanostructure grown on a substrate vertically by hydrothermal synthesis to a transition metal-doped nickel oxide nanostructure by cation exchange and then phosphorizing the nickel oxide. The transition metal-doped nickel phosphide nanostructure of the present disclosure is advantageous in that it has superior catalytic activity and conductivity due to large surface area. In addition, when used as a catalyst for water decomposition under an alkaline condition, it has a low overvoltage and can have excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction or oxygen evolution reaction.

A coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite is disclosed. The coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite has a structure in which algae-like transition metal-doped nickel phosphide nanosheets are deposited on coral-like tungsten oxide nanostructures grown vertically on a substrate. This structure allows the coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite to have a large surface area, which leads to a significant increase in the number of catalytic active sites, and ensures high conductivity and electrochemical stability of the coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite. Due to these advantages, the coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite has a low overpotential and superior hydrogen evolution reaction or oxygen evolution reaction efficiency when applied to a water splitting catalyst under alkaline conditions. Also disclosed are a method for preparing the coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite and a catalyst for electrochemical water splitting including the coral reef-like nickel phosphide-tungsten oxide nanocomposite.