A solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) includes a solid oxide electrolyte, a fuel-side electrode disposed on a fuel side of the electrolyte, and an air-side electrode disposed on an air side of the electrolyte. The air-side electrode includes a barrier layer disposed on the air side of the electrolyte and containing a stabilized zirconia material having a lower electrical conductivity than an electrical conductivity of the electrolyte, and a functional layer disposed on the barrier layer.

A method can include incorporating graphene oxide (GO) in a solution, reducing the graphene oxide (GO) by refluxing carbon nitride (C.sub.3N.sub.4) in the solution to form carbon-nitride refluxed-graphene-oxide (C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO) composites, and incorporating ruthenium ions into the C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO composites to form C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO-Ru complexes.

A method can include incorporating graphene oxide (GO) in a solution, reducing the graphene oxide (GO) by refluxing carbon nitride (C.sub.3N.sub.4) in the solution to form carbon-nitride refluxed-graphene-oxide (C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO) composites, and incorporating ruthenium ions into the C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO composites to form C.sub.3N.sub.4-rGO-Ru complexes.

According to one embodiment, an electrolytic cell includes: a housing for retaining an electrolytic solution; a diaphragm that partitions an interior of the housing into an anode-side cell and a cathode-side cell; an anode electrode that is provided in the anode-side cell and has most of a surface in contact with an anode-side gas phase; and a cathode electrode that is provided in the cathode-side cell and has most of a surface in contact with a cathode-side gas phase. According to the other embodiment, a hydrogen production apparatus according to the present embodiment includes: an electrolytic solution tank that retains an electrolytic solution; and a pump that supplies the electrolytic solution between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode from the electrolytic solution tank.

According to one embodiment, an electrolytic cell includes: a housing for retaining an electrolytic solution; a diaphragm that partitions an interior of the housing into an anode-side cell and a cathode-side cell; an anode electrode that is provided in the anode-side cell and has most of a surface in contact with an anode-side gas phase; and a cathode electrode that is provided in the cathode-side cell and has most of a surface in contact with a cathode-side gas phase. According to the other embodiment, a hydrogen production apparatus according to the present embodiment includes: an electrolytic solution tank that retains an electrolytic solution; and a pump that supplies the electrolytic solution between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode from the electrolytic solution tank.

A system to generate gases from a liquid or a solid source including a generator, a dual arbitrary generator, a turbine, a thermoelectric generator, a pulse-width modulation device, a suction pump, a radiolytic cell, and magnets. The radiolytic cell includes a body, a first disk, a second disk having a plurality of perforations, and a plurality of radiotrodes. Each radiotrodes includes a large diameter tube, a small diameter tube concentric with the large diameter tube, and metallic wires having an end fixed into an upper section of the large and small diameter tubes and to lower sections of the large and small diameter tubes. The second ends of each one of the metallic wires are connected into the perforations of the corresponding first disk or second disk. The radiotrodes hang up inside the radiolytic cells by the metallic wires producing movement or vibration of the radiotrodes inside the radiolytic cell.

A system to generate gases from a liquid or a solid source including a generator, a dual arbitrary generator, a turbine, a thermoelectric generator, a pulse-width modulation device, a suction pump, a radiolytic cell, and magnets. The radiolytic cell includes a body, a first disk, a second disk having a plurality of perforations, and a plurality of radiotrodes. Each radiotrodes includes a large diameter tube, a small diameter tube concentric with the large diameter tube, and metallic wires having an end fixed into an upper section of the large and small diameter tubes and to lower sections of the large and small diameter tubes. The second ends of each one of the metallic wires are connected into the perforations of the corresponding first disk or second disk. The radiotrodes hang up inside the radiolytic cells by the metallic wires producing movement or vibration of the radiotrodes inside the radiolytic cell.

A gas diffusion electrode may be provided comprising an electron conducting layer with a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the first side is provided with a microstructuring, wherein the gas diffusion electrode additionally has a hydrophobic membrane with a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the second side of the membrane is arranged on the first side of the electron conducting layer. A battery or an accumulator or an electrolyser or a galvanic cell may be provided with a gas diffusion electrode of this type.

A gas diffusion electrode may be provided comprising an electron conducting layer with a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the first side is provided with a microstructuring, wherein the gas diffusion electrode additionally has a hydrophobic membrane with a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the second side of the membrane is arranged on the first side of the electron conducting layer. A battery or an accumulator or an electrolyser or a galvanic cell may be provided with a gas diffusion electrode of this type.

A method for the preparation of an electrode suitable for electrocatalysis includes an electrocatalytically active material, in particular an anode for alkaline water hydrolysis. An electrode can be obtained by the method and used in electrocatalysis. The method includes providing a carrier suitable for an electrode that includes an electron conductive material, providing a precursor mixture suitable for combustion synthesis, transferring the precursor material to the electron conductive material, and heating the electrode precursor to produce self-ignition of the transferred precursor mixture.