Metal work rolls that contact a functional fluid during movement of a rotatable body are described. The rotatable body can include a coated surface with a surface coating. The surface coating can include a metal or metal alloy such as, for example, a molybdenum alloy or a nickel alloy or a tungsten alloy. Systems and processes using the coated work rolls are also described.

Rotational devices that include a substrate with a coated surface are described. The coated surface can include an alloy layer with molybdenum or tungsten and at least one element selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, chromium, tin, phosphorous, iron, magnesium and boron. Systems including the rotational devices are also described.

Pneumatic articles that include a moveable component with a coated surface are described. The coated surface can include a surface coating including an alloy layer that includes molybdenum or tungsten in combination with one or more other materials. Pneumatic cylinders and pneumatic devices are also described.

Hydraulic devices that include a moveable component configured to contact a functional fluid during movement of the hydraulic device are described. The hydraulic device can include a coating on a surface. The coating can include a metal or metal alloy such as, for example, a molybdenum or tungsten in combination with one or more other materials.

Reciprocating devices that include a moveable component configured to contact a functional fluid during movement of the moveable component are described. The moveable component can include a coating on a surface of the moveable component that contacts the functional fluid. The coating can include a metal or metal alloy such as, for example, a molybdenum in combination with one or more other materials. Pneumatic and hydraulic devices and devices are also described.

An aqueous electroplating bath is disclosed. The aqueous trivalent chromium bath comprises:—trivalent chromium cations in an amount of 0.12-0.276 mol/l,—ammonium ions in an amount of 4.0-6.0 mol/l, and—carboxylate ions in an amount of 2.0-7.4 mol/l, and the molar ratio of trivalent chromium cations to the carboxylate ions is 0.016-0.099, and the pH of the aqueous trivalent chromium bath is 2-6.

An aqueous electroplating bath is disclosed. The aqueous trivalent chromium bath comprises:—trivalent chromium cations in an amount of 0.12-0.276 mol/l,—ammonium ions in an amount of 4.0-6.0 mol/l, and—carboxylate ions in an amount of 2.0-7.4 mol/l, and the molar ratio of trivalent chromium cations to the carboxylate ions is 0.016-0.099, and the pH of the aqueous trivalent chromium bath is 2-6.

A true random number generator is presented that includes a CMOS matrix detector with a top surface. A shell is positioned over the top surface, and the shell includes a radiation source and a luminophore or scintillator constructed to emit photons towards the top surface when the luminophore or scintillator is struck by electrons from the radioactive decay of the source of the radiation. The CMOS detector matrix is constructed to detect the photons emitted from the luminophore or scintillator and to produce a signal for the detected photons. The signal is communicated to a processor that produces true random numbers based on the signal from the detected photons.

A surface-treated copper foil including a treating surface, where the root mean square height (Sq) of the treating surface is in a range of 0.20 to 1.50 μm and the texture aspect ratio (Str) of the treating surface is not greater than 0.65. When the surface-treated copper foil is heated at a temperature of 200° C. for 1 hour, the ratio of the integrated intensity of (111) peak to the sum of the integrated intensities of (111) peak, (200) peak, and (220) peak of the treating surface is at least 60%.

A method for fabricating a substrate provided with a plurality of layers, includes: providing a steel substrate with an oxide layer including metal oxides on the steel substrate; providing a metal coating layer directly on the oxide layer, the metal coating layer including: at least 8% by weight nickel; at least 10% by weight chromium; and a remainder being iron and impurities from a fabrication process; and providing an anti-corrosion coating layer directly on the metal coating layer.