The present disclosure provides a method and system for producing antimicrobial compositions comprising transition metal ions which are generated electrolytically in aqueous solution; chelating agent and excipients; wherein the said ionic species thereby impart stability and longer shelf life and long-term efficacy. Owing to the neutral pH, colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-caustic, non-corrosive nature, the composition of example embodiments shall be used as surface disinfectant and food contact sanitizer and provides an unparalleled combination of high efficacy and low toxicity with instant kill and long-term efficacy. The specific combination of certain metals provides the ability to be extremely broad spectrum and thus works against virus, bacteria, fungi, mold, mildew and antibiotic resistant species as well.

A system for wastewater treatment comprises a membrane filtration device which receives the stream of pre-treated wastewater stream from the pre-treatment unit and generates a reject stream which is supplied to an electrochemical oxidation reactor which generates a reactor effluent stream which is divided into a recirculated wastewater stream that is recycled back to the equalization tank and a reactor discharge stream that is discarded from the system. The target fraction ratio between the volume of the recirculated wastewater stream and the volume of the reactor discharge stream is controlled based on the target total dissolved solids amount in the wastewater to be treated, on the amount of regulated organic substances in the wastewater which are treated by the electrochemical oxidation reactor to increase the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation reactor to a target value and on the composition of the wastewater being discharged from the system.

Electrode catalytic layers coated on outer surfaces of oxidation electrode and a reduction electrode used to generate sterile water, where the electrode catalyst layers are formed on the outer surfaces of the oxidation electrode and a reduction electrode to have predetermined thickness, and are composed of iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), and tantalum (Ta), and wherein the palladium (Pd) has a weight ratio of 10% to 30%, and a sum of the weight ratios of the iridium (Ir) and the tantalum (Ta) is 70% to 90%.

A membraneless electrochemical device comprises a fluid feed stream input to the membraneless electrochemical cell, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first electrode comprises a first redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled oxidation reaction with a first portion of the fluid feed stream, and the second electrode comprises a second redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled reduction reaction with a second portion of the fluid feed stream. The first portion and the second portion of the fluid feed stream are separated. A first effluent stream comprises the first portion and has a first pH, and a second effluent stream comprises the second portion and has a second pH, different from the first pH.

A piezoelectric polymer used as a piezocatalyst, and methods of manufacture and use therefor. A preferred piezoelectric polymer is poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) due to its piezoelectric response and good flexibility. The polymer can be doped with a metal, metal salt, metal carbonyl, metal oxide such as ZnO, Co.sub.2O.sub.3, or TiO.sub.2, or ion such as Cr.sup.3+, Co.sup.2+, or Zn.sup.2+. The dopant can be chosen so that when the polymer is PVDF the dopant increases the amount of ?-phase PVDF and/or ?-phase PVDF relative to ?-phase PVDF, thereby increasing the piezocatalytic response of the polymer. The compound to be decomposed can be adsorbed on the surface of the piezoelectric polymer. Applications include wastewater treatment, CO.sub.2 capture and reduction, hydroformylation, water splitting, and ammonia synthesis.

The present disclosure provides devices and methods of using same for cleansing a solution (e.g., a salt or used dialysis solution) of urea via electrooxidation, and more specifically to cleansing a renal therapy solution/dialysis solution of urea via electrooxidation so that the renal therapy solution/dialysis solution can be used or reused for treatment of a patient. In an embodiment, a device for the removal of urea from a fluid having urea to produce a cleansed fluid includes a urea decomposition unit and an electrodialysis unit.

A handpiece (108) of an ultrasonic scaler equipped with a closed system water delivery and an integrated in-line divided electrolytic cell (106) for generating ozone, one or more gas separators (116a, 116b), in-line dissolved gas monitoring and closed loop control over ozone concentration using one or more ultraviolet sensors (110).

Methods and systems for the purification of an aqueous solution comprising a photocatalyst employed as an anode and a cathode in communication with an electrolyte to achieve a current flow wherein a charge is applied between the cathode and the photocatalytic excited anode a corresponding increase in electron-hole pairs occurs.

Various aspects described herein relate to electrochemical devices, e.g., for separation of one or more target organic or inorganic molecules (e.g., charged or neutral molecules) from solution, and methods of using the same. In particular embodiments, the electrochemical devices and methods described herein involve at least one redox-functionalized electrode, wherein the electrode comprises an immobilized redox-species that is selective toward a target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or netural molecule). The selectivity is based on a Faradaic/redox-activated chemical interaction (e.g., directional hydrogen binding) between the oxidized state of the redox species and a moiety of the target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or netural molecule).

Provided is a catalyst for a Fenton system, and a method of preparing the same. The catalyst includes one or more species of d.sup.0-orbital-based or non-d.sup.0-orbital-based catalyst including NO.sub.3.sup./SO.sub.4.sup.2/H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup./HPO.sub.4.sup.2/PO.sub.4.sup.3 functional groups on the surface thereof. The method includes preparing a d.sup.0-orbital-based or non-d.sup.0-orbital-based transition metal oxide; and preparing a transition metal oxide catalyst comprising a NO.sub.3.sup., SO.sub.4.sup.2, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup., HPO.sub.4.sup.2, or PO.sub.4.sup.3 functional group on the surface of the catalyst via nitrification, sulfation, or phosphorylation of the transition metal oxide.