The present invention relates to substituted phenyl alkanoic acid compounds designated as the compound of Formula (I) (as described herein) or a tautomer, a stereoisomer, a geometrical isomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, a prodrug, a polymorph, an N-oxide, a S-oxide or a carboxylic acid isostere thereof; which are GPR120 agonists. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition of compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of diseases or disorder mediated by GPR120.

The present invention relates to substituted phenyl alkanoic acid compounds designated as the compound of Formula (I) (as described herein) or a tautomer, a stereoisomer, a geometrical isomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, a prodrug, a polymorph, an N-oxide, a S-oxide or a carboxylic acid isostere thereof; which are GPR120 agonists. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition of compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of diseases or disorder mediated by GPR120.

Provided according to embodiments of the invention are methods of forming a lipstatin derivative, (S)-1-((2S,3S)-3-ethyl-4-oxooxetan-2-yl) tridecan-2-yl formyl-L-alaninate. Such methods include one or more reaction steps that include the Mitsunobu coupling of N-formyl L-alanine in the presence of di-t-butyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD) and triphenylphosphine. Compounds formed by a method of the invention, compositions that include a compound formed by a method of the invention, and methods of inhibiting lipase activity and/or treating pancreatitis using a compound formed by a method of the invention are also provided.

Provided according to embodiments of the invention are methods of forming a lipstatin derivative, (S)-1-((2S,3S)-3-ethyl-4-oxooxetan-2-yl) tridecan-2-yl formyl-L-alaninate. Such methods include one or more reaction steps that include the Mitsunobu coupling of N-formyl L-alanine in the presence of di-t-butyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD) and triphenylphosphine. Compounds formed by a method of the invention, compositions that include a compound formed by a method of the invention, and methods of inhibiting lipase activity and/or treating pancreatitis using a compound formed by a method of the invention are also provided.

An organic compound, a three-dimensional organic structure formed by using the organic compound, a separation sieve and an optical layer having the organic structure, and an optical device having the optical layer as an optical amplification layer are provided. The organic structure includes a plurality of organic molecules self-assembled by non-covalent bonding. Each of the unit organic molecules has an aromatic ring, a first pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of substitutable positions of the aromatic ring, and a second pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of remaining substitutable positions of the aromatic ring. The unit organic molecules are self-assembled by van der Waals interaction, London dispersion interaction or hydrogen bonding between the first and the second pairs of the substituents and by pi-pi interactions between the aromatic rings.

An organic compound, a three-dimensional organic structure formed by using the organic compound, a separation sieve and an optical layer having the organic structure, and an optical device having the optical layer as an optical amplification layer are provided. The organic structure includes a plurality of organic molecules self-assembled by non-covalent bonding. Each of the unit organic molecules has an aromatic ring, a first pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of substitutable positions of the aromatic ring, and a second pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of remaining substitutable positions of the aromatic ring. The unit organic molecules are self-assembled by van der Waals interaction, London dispersion interaction or hydrogen bonding between the first and the second pairs of the substituents and by pi-pi interactions between the aromatic rings.

An object of the present invention is to conduct a search for a compound to be arranged at a terminal of a peptide nucleic acid effective in detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism. Provided is a tolan compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents a phenyl group or a naphthyl group, the phenyl group may have 1 to 5 substituents that are identical to or different from each other, and the naphthyl group may have 1 to 7 substituents that are identical to or different from each other.

The present invention relates to substituted phenyl alkanoic acid compounds designated as the compound of Formula (I) (as described herein) or a tautomer, a stereoisomer, a geometrical isomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, a prodrug, a polymorph, an N-oxide, a S-oxide or a carboxylic acid isostere thereof; which are GPR120 agonists. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition of compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of diseases or disorder mediated by GPR120.

The present invention relates to substituted phenyl alkanoic acid compounds designated as the compound of Formula (I) (as described herein) or a tautomer, a stereoisomer, a geometrical isomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, a prodrug, a polymorph, an N-oxide, a S-oxide or a carboxylic acid isostere thereof; which are GPR120 agonists. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition of compound of Formula (I) for the treatment of diseases or disorder mediated by GPR120.

A method of producing an anthraquinone-based substance represented by the following chemical formula:

##STR00001##

where at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a hydroxy group, and at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is an alkoxy group, includes the steps of: preparing a starting material represented by the following chemical formula:

##STR00002##

where at least two of the R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are hydroxy groups; and reacting the starting material with an organic alkylating agent. The amount of the organic alkylating agent to be reacted with the starting material is more than or equal to 0.05 mol and less than n mol per 1 mol of the starting material, where n is the number of hydroxy groups contained in the starting material.