Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; an electron transport layer; a hole transport layer; and a second electrode, wherein the hole transport layer contains a compound represented by general formula (1) below,

##STR00001##

where in the formula, R.sub.1 represents a methoxy group or an ethoxy group, R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen group or a methyl group, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen group, a methyl group, or a methoxy group, R.sub.4 represents a methoxy group, and X represents CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, O, or C(CH.sub.2).sub.5.

An organic light-emitting medium including a pyrene derivative represented by the following formula (1) and a phenyl-substituted anthracene derivative represented by the following formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.4 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 5 to 20 ring atoms.

An organic light-emitting medium including a pyrene derivative represented by the following formula (1) and a phenyl-substituted anthracene derivative represented by the following formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sup.1 to Ar.sup.4 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 5 to 20 ring atoms.

An electrochromic composition includes an oxidizable compound, a reducible compound, and a solvent. The oxidizable compound includes

##STR00001##

wherein each R.sup.2 is independently N(R.sup.1).sup.2, OR.sup.1, or R.sup.1, and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-3 alkyl group. The reducible compound has a chemical structure of

##STR00002##

and each R.sup.3 is independently C.sub.4-12 alkyl group, OC.sub.nH.sub.2n+1,

##STR00003##

and n=0?7.

An electrochromic composition includes an oxidizable compound, a reducible compound, and a solvent. The oxidizable compound includes

##STR00001##

wherein each R.sup.2 is independently N(R.sup.1).sup.2, OR.sup.1, or R.sup.1, and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-3 alkyl group. The reducible compound has a chemical structure of

##STR00002##

and each R.sup.3 is independently C.sub.4-12 alkyl group, OC.sub.nH.sub.2n+1,

##STR00003##

and n=0?7.

The present invention provides compounds having store overload-induced Ca.sup.2+ release (SOICR) inhibitory activity and methods for producing and using the same. In particular, compounds of the invention is of the formula: R.sup.1X.sup.1-L-X.sup.2R.sup.2, wherein R.sup.1, X.sup.1, L, X.sup.2, and R.sup.2 are those defined herein.

The present invention provides compounds having store overload-induced Ca.sup.2+ release (SOICR) inhibitory activity and methods for producing and using the same. In particular, compounds of the invention is of the formula: R.sup.1X.sup.1-L-X.sup.2R.sup.2, wherein R.sup.1, X.sup.1, L, X.sup.2, and R.sup.2 are those defined herein.

An electrochromic element including a first electrode, second electrode facing the first electrode with gap, electrolyte layer between the first and second electrodes, and layer including a compound represented by General Formula (1) where the layer is on or above the first electrode, ##STR00001##
where R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are each a monovalent organic group wherein no hydrogen atom is at a benzyl site where the monovalent group may include a polymerizable functional group; and R.sub.5 to R.sub.28 are each a hydrogen atom, alkyl or alkoxy group where R.sub.25 and R.sub.28, or R.sub.26 and R.sub.27 may be bonded to form a structure represented by General Formula (2), ##STR00002##
where R.sub.29 and R.sub.30 are each an alkyl, alkoxy or aryl group, and R.sub.29 and R.sub.30 may be bonded via a common bond to form a cyclic structure when R.sub.29 and R.sub.30 are aryl groups.

An electrochromic compound represented by the following formula (1) is provided:

##STR00001## where each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 and Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.6 independently represents one of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a monovalent organic group, a group in which two or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups are bound to each other via a covalent bond, a group in which two or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups are condensed with each other to form a ring, and a polymerizable functional group; and at least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.6 represents an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a group in which two or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups are bound to each other via a covalent bond, or a group in which at least two aryl or heteroaryl groups are condensed with each other to form a ring.

An electrochromic compound represented by the following formula (1) is provided:

##STR00001## where each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 and Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.6 independently represents one of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a monovalent organic group, a group in which two or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups are bound to each other via a covalent bond, a group in which two or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups are condensed with each other to form a ring, and a polymerizable functional group; and at least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.6 represents an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a group in which two or more aryl and/or heteroaryl groups are bound to each other via a covalent bond, or a group in which at least two aryl or heteroaryl groups are condensed with each other to form a ring.