The present invention provides a catalyst including Mo, Bi, and Fe, wherein P/R is 0.10 or less, wherein P is a peak intensity at 2=22.90.2 and R is a peak intensity at 2=26.60.2, in X-ray diffraction analysis.

A system and method for efficiently and sustainably producing propylene and acrylonitrile is disclosed which utilizes biodegradable materials, combustible materials that produce carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide. According to one embodiment of the invention, a source of carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide is utilized and the carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide is electrochemically reduced to ethylene. Dimerization is applied to separate the ethylene to produce 1-butene; which is isomerized to produce 2-butene. The 2-butene is metathesized to produce propylene. The propylene may then be subject to ammoxidation as desired in order to produce acrylonitrile.

A system and method for efficiently and sustainably producing propylene and acrylonitrile is disclosed which utilizes biodegradable materials, combustible materials that produce carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide. According to one embodiment of the invention, a source of carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide is utilized and the carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide is electrochemically reduced to ethylene. Dimerization is applied to separate the ethylene to produce 1-butene; which is isomerized to produce 2-butene. The 2-butene is metathesized to produce propylene. The propylene may then be subject to ammoxidation as desired in order to produce acrylonitrile.

The present invention provides a method of producing a nitrile from a primary amide, characterized in that the primary amide is subjected to a dehydration reaction in a supercritical fluid in the presence of an acid catalyst. The present invention achieves the object of reducing the corrosion of a reactor and the thermal decomposition of raw materials, as well as provides the effect of improving the reaction rate and nitrile selectivity.

The present invention provides a method of producing a nitrile from a primary amide, characterized in that the primary amide is subjected to a dehydration reaction in a supercritical fluid in the presence of an acid catalyst. The present invention achieves the object of reducing the corrosion of a reactor and the thermal decomposition of raw materials, as well as provides the effect of improving the reaction rate and nitrile selectivity.

The present disclosure relates to fluid bed processes that utilize silica particles as a fluidization aid. The process comprises reacting one or more reactants in a reactor comprising a fluid bed to form a product. The fluid bed comprises a catalyst composition comprising a catalyst and an inert additive composition comprising silica particles from 0.5 wt % to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the catalyst composition. The silica particles are discrete, inert particles that are mixed with the catalyst in the fluid bed.

The present disclosure relates to fluid bed processes that utilize silica particles as a fluidization aid. The process comprises reacting one or more reactants in a reactor comprising a fluid bed to form a product. The fluid bed comprises a catalyst composition comprising a catalyst and an inert additive composition comprising silica particles from 0.5 wt % to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the catalyst composition. The silica particles are discrete, inert particles that are mixed with the catalyst in the fluid bed.

A method for manufacturing a higher purity nitrile solvent by purifying a nitrile solvent containing an impurity, e.g an imine. The nitrile solvent may contain an imine and a conjugated diene, a carbonyl compound, or a high-boiling material as impurities. A method for purifying a nitrile solvent, such as isobutyronitrile, including bringing nitrile solvent containing an imine, e.g., as an impurity, into contact with an acidic aqueous solution having a pH of 3 or less, such as hydrochloric acid; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with acidic aqueous solution into contact with an aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution into contact with an alkaline aqueous solution, such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution; and distilling the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the alkaline aqueous solution.

A method for manufacturing a higher purity nitrile solvent by purifying a nitrile solvent containing an impurity, e.g an imine. The nitrile solvent may contain an imine and a conjugated diene, a carbonyl compound, or a high-boiling material as impurities. A method for purifying a nitrile solvent, such as isobutyronitrile, including bringing nitrile solvent containing an imine, e.g., as an impurity, into contact with an acidic aqueous solution having a pH of 3 or less, such as hydrochloric acid; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with acidic aqueous solution into contact with an aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution into contact with an alkaline aqueous solution, such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution; and distilling the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the alkaline aqueous solution.

Bio-based materials, e.g., epoxide starting material, a beta-lactone starting material and/or a beta-hydroxy amide starting material, may be used as feedstocks in processes for making and using acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile derivatives to produce, among other products, carbon fibers and carbon black.