A method of inhibiting the formation of scale, in particular barium sulfate and strontium sulfate scale, in an oil and gas well servicing fluid, the method involving adding a scale inhibitor composition that includes an alkyl diphenyloxide sulfonate into the oil and gas well servicing fluid. The alkyl diphenyloxide sulfonate is at one of a monoalkyl diphenyloxide monosulfonate, a monoalkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate, a dialkyl diphenyloxide monosulfonate, and a dialkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate.

A method of inhibiting the formation of scale, in particular barium sulfate and strontium sulfate scale, in an oil and gas well servicing fluid, the method involving adding a scale inhibitor composition that includes an alkyl diphenyloxide sulfonate into the oil and gas well servicing fluid. The alkyl diphenyloxide sulfonate is at one of a monoalkyl diphenyloxide monosulfonate, a monoalkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate, a dialkyl diphenyloxide monosulfonate, and a dialkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate.

A photoacid generator (PAG) and a photoresist composition, the PAG being represented by the following Chemical Formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein, in Chemical Formula (I), L is sulfur (S) or iodine (I), R.sub.3 being omitted when L is I; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are each independently a C1 to C10 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with a heteroatom such that the heteroatom is pendant or is between the group and L, or a C6 to C18 aryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with a heteroatom such that the heteroatom is pendant or is between the group and L; AL is an acid-labile group; m is 1 to 4; and M is a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon group that is unsubstituted or substituted with a heteroatom such that the heteroatom is pendant or is between the group and a sulfur atom.

Compositions comprising a sulfonated reaction product or a salt thereof may be prepared from a biphenyl compound that has been alkylated with an olefin of formula R.sup.1R.sup.2CCH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.1 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group, and R.sup.2 is H or a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group. Methods for sulfonating an alkylated biphenyl compound prepared from a biphenyl compound that has been alkylated with an olefin of formula R.sup.1R.sup.2CCH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.1 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group, and R.sup.2 is H or a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group may comprise contacting the alkylated biphenyl compound with a sulfonating reagent; forming a sulfonated reaction product; and converting the sulfonated reaction product into a sulfonate salt.

Compositions comprising a sulfonated reaction product or a salt thereof may be prepared from a biphenyl compound that has been alkylated with an olefin of formula R.sup.1R.sup.2CCH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.1 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group, and R.sup.2 is H or a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group. Methods for sulfonating an alkylated biphenyl compound prepared from a biphenyl compound that has been alkylated with an olefin of formula R.sup.1R.sup.2CCH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.1 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group, and R.sup.2 is H or a C.sub.6-C.sub.24 hydrocarbyl group may comprise contacting the alkylated biphenyl compound with a sulfonating reagent; forming a sulfonated reaction product; and converting the sulfonated reaction product into a sulfonate salt.

An organic flow battery having a positive electrode electrolyte containing organic compounds with extended conjugation and/or cyclic side chains is provided. The flow battery includes a positive electrode and a positive electrode electrolyte including first solvent and a first redox couple. The positive electrode electrolyte flows over and contacting the positive electrode. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound and a reduction product of the first organic compound. The flow battery also includes a negative electrode and a negative electrode electrolyte including a second solvent and a second redox couple. The negative electrode electrolyte flows g over and contacts the positive electrode. Typically, an ion exchange membrane is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode Characteristically, the first organic compound resists crossover through the ion exchange membrane.

An organic flow battery having a positive electrode electrolyte containing organic compounds with extended conjugation and/or cyclic side chains is provided. The flow battery includes a positive electrode and a positive electrode electrolyte including first solvent and a first redox couple. The positive electrode electrolyte flows over and contacting the positive electrode. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound and a reduction product of the first organic compound. The flow battery also includes a negative electrode and a negative electrode electrolyte including a second solvent and a second redox couple. The negative electrode electrolyte flows g over and contacts the positive electrode. Typically, an ion exchange membrane is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode Characteristically, the first organic compound resists crossover through the ion exchange membrane.

Described herein are anionic phenylene oligomers and polymers, and devices including these materials. The oligomers and polymers can be prepared in a convenient and well-controlled manner, and can be used in cation exchange 5 membranes. Also described is the controlled synthesis of anionic phenylene monomers and their use in synthesizing anionic oligomers and polymers, with precise control of the position and number of anionic groups.

A resist composition comprising a base polymer and a sulfonium or iodonium salt capable of generating fluorobenzenesulfonic acid bonded to iodized benzoic acid offers a high sensitivity and minimal LWR independent of whether it is of positive or negative tone.

A resist composition comprising a base polymer and a sulfonium or iodonium salt capable of generating fluorobenzenesulfonic acid bonded to iodized benzoic acid offers a high sensitivity and minimal LWR independent of whether it is of positive or negative tone.