The present application provides pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine derivatives that activate excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), and methods of using the derivatives for treating or preventing diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity.

A light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an interlayer including an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, wherein the emission layer may include a dopant, the hole transport region may include a first hole transport layer, a second hole transport layer between the first hole transport layer and the emission layer, and a third hole transport layer between the second hole transport layer and the emission layer, the first hole transport layer may include a first compound, the second hole transport layer may include a second compound, the third hole transport layer may include a third compound, and the first to third compounds may each independently be an amine-based compound, but may be different from each other.

Molybdenum(0) coordination complexes comprising ligands which each coordinate to the metal center by nitrogen or phosphorous are described. Methods for depositing molybdenum-containing films on a substrate are described. The substrate is exposed to a molybdenum precursor and a reactant to form the molybdenum-containing film (e.g., elemental molybdenum, molybdenum oxide, molybdenum carbide, molybdenum silicide, molybdenum nitride). The exposures can be sequential or simultaneous.

An organic compound represented by the following formula [1] or [2]:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.22 independently denote a substituent selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, and/or R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may be bonded together to form a ring structure.

Compounds of General Formula I may act electron transporting materials, hole blocking materials, and host materials. Devices incorporating compounds of General Formula I may have exhibit device performance characteristics.

##STR00001##

Compounds of General Formula I may act electron transporting materials, hole blocking materials, and host materials. Devices incorporating compounds of General Formula I may have exhibit device performance characteristics.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to a class of mammalian heat shock factor (HSF) inhibitors, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these inhibitors as well as to methods for using the inhibitors. The inhibitors inhibit stress-induced expression from heat shock gene promoters. Furthermore, the inhibitors are cytotoxic to a variety of human cancer cells types.

Disclosed herein is a mixed-valence crystal superstructure assembled from a 2: 1 host-guest inclusion complex. The complex comprises an aromatic guest encircled by two macrocycles, wherein the complex has an empirical charge greater than 0 and less than 1. Methods of preparing the compositions described herein are also disclosed.

Disclosed herein is a mixed-valence crystal superstructure assembled from a 2: 1 host-guest inclusion complex. The complex comprises an aromatic guest encircled by two macrocycles, wherein the complex has an empirical charge greater than 0 and less than 1. Methods of preparing the compositions described herein are also disclosed.

Provided are an electron donor that is easy to handle and can be used to carry out a coupling reaction economically and efficiently through simple operations under mild conditions in a short period of time, and a method for synthesizing 4,4′-bipyridine using the electron donor. The electron donor includes a mixture of a dispersion product obtained by dispersing sodium in a dispersion solvent and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, and this electron donor is used in the method for synthesizing 4,4′-bipyridine.