An electrosurgical system including or connected to an output circuitry comprising an electrosurgical device and an electrical cable is modelled during a cable interrogation phase using a transfer matrix in order to determine a leakage capacitance in the electrosurgical system. After the leakage capacitance is assigned or set to a virtual capacitor in the transfer matrix, an output parameter of the electrosurgical system, such as output voltage, output current, output impedance or output electrical power, may be determined by applying an actual input voltage to the output circuitry and measuring a resulting input current, and multiplying the input voltage and measured current by the transfer matrix.

Methods and apparatus for dermatological laser treatment, e.g. for the removal of unwanted tattoos or other skin pigmentation. Removal of multiple colors with a single pulsed laser beam may be achieved using intensities in excess of about 50 GB/cm.sup.2. Methods for reducing the pain and tissue damage associated with laser tattoo removal include using a spot size of less than 2 mm with a fluence in the range of 0.5-10 J/cm.sup.2. Scanning the laser beam over an area of skin to be treated allows such areas to be treated accurately with scanning patterns calculated to promote rapid dissipation of heat away from treated portions of the skin. Multiple treatment rooms may be served by a single pulsed treatment laser by beam toggling, splitting or pulse-picking to minimise downtime of the laser.

Disclosed are a radio frequency operation prompting method, an electronic device, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes acquiring physical characteristic data of an operating position in an object of a radio frequency operation in real time by multiple probes, obtaining a physical characteristic field of the object of the radio frequency operation according to the physical characteristic data acquired in real time; and obtaining a change of range of a to-be-operated area in a target operating area according to an initial range of the target operating area in the object of the radio frequency operation and a change of value of the physical characteristic data in the physical characteristic field, and displaying the change of range through a three-dimensional model.

Various systems and methods for determining the composition of tissue via an ultrasonic surgical instrument are disclosed. A control circuit can be configured to monitor the change in resonant frequency of an ultrasonic electromechanical system of the ultrasonic surgical instrument as the ultrasonic blade oscillates against a tissue and determine the composition of the tissue accordingly. In some aspects, the control circuit can be configured to modify the operation of the ultrasonic electromechanical system or other operational parameters of the ultrasonic surgical instrument according to the detected tissue composition.

Described herein is a method and system for gap detection in ablation lines. Microelectrodes are implemented at a distal tip of a catheter to provide localized gap detection along an ablation line. A pacing protocol is used to sequence through each of the microelectrode pairs for a tissue location. If living tissue is present, the pacing signal travels through the living tissue to pulse the heart. An operator will see a capture signal and know that there is a gap in the ablation line. The ablation electrode is then used to ablate the tissue in the gap. Pacing and ablation are therefore performed at the same place without the need to switch between instruments and/or catheters. In an implementation, a force sensor can automate the pacing protocol by determining which microelectrode pair is contacting the tissue. Moreover, signaling between microelectrode pairs can determine contact between the catheter and the tissue.

A quantum cardiac electrophysiology device comprising an array of consumable half-ferromagnetic active electrodes connected to an array of semiconductor of half-ferromagnetic selector switches over an array of half-ferromagnetic resistors to a neutral charges out of the heart, by casting and/or inking the arrhythmic substrate of an arrhythmia by the electrophysiology quantum entan- glement of said arrhythmic substrate.

A quantum spin liquid (QSL) electrophysiology device comprising a spontaneous and an induced quantum arrhythmia vacuum states, switchable between them through at least one entangled measurement of one negative differential resistance.

Disclosed is a method of adapting energy modality due to a short circuit or tissue type grasped in the jaws of an end effector of a surgical instrument. The method includes selecting an electrode in an array of segmented electrodes during a pre-energy activation cycle. The method includes applying a sub-therapeutic electrical signal to the selected electrode to differentiate between a shorted electrode and low impedance tissue grasped in the jaws of the end effector. The method includes determining the selected electrode is shorted based on a measured electrical parameter received by the control circuit after applying the sub-therapeutic electrical signal and blending monopolar and bipolar RF energy. The method includes determining that the selected electrode is shorted and switching output energy of the RF generator between monopolar and bipolar RF energy.

A dual-mode microwave applicator for treating tissue comprises a control unit, a rod-shaped element, a coaxial line, and a metal sleeve. The control unit controls the applicator in an application mode and a sensing mode. In the application mode microwave radiation is applied and during the sensing mode tumorous tissue is detected. The rod-shaped element comprises a tip. The coaxial line is formed in the rod-shaped element to relay microwaves to the tip for treatment of the tissue. The coaxial line comprises an inner conductor and an outer conductor. The outer conductor includes a slot of a slot length formed at a slot distance from the tip. The metal sleeve at a sleeve distance from the slot. The sleeve distance is about 0.55 mm, the slot length is about 1.75 mm, and the slot distance is about 7.7 mm.

A laser light irradiation system that irradiates a stone in a body with laser light to cause the stone to be dust, the laser light irradiation system including a laser fiber that emits the laser light, and a processor configured to control a frequency of the laser light emitted from the laser fiber, wherein the processor is configured to switch between first laser light of a first frequency and second laser light of a second frequency such that the second laser light is emitted at least before or after an emission timing of the first laser light, the first laser light generating a water flow that pulls the stone toward the laser fiber, the second laser light generating a water flow that stirs the stone.