The present invention relates to additives for reducing friction and wear in lubricants. In particular, the present invention relates to novel salts and their use in lubricating oil compositions for reducing friction and wear. In particular, the present invention relates to one or more ionic liquids, wherein the one or more ionic liquids comprise one or more cations and one or more Group 6 metal mononuclear metallate anions.

Provided is a silicon-containing sulfuric acid ester salt comprising a silicon-containing sulfuric acid ester anion represented by formula (1) and a cation selected from cations respectively represented by formulae (2) to (5). ##STR00001##

A method for extracting a rare earth metal from a mixture of one or more rare earth metals, said method comprising contacting an acidic solution of the rare earth metal with a composition which comprises an ionic liquid to form an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase into which the rare earth metal has been selectively extracted, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula [Ca.sup.++][X], where [X] represents a phosphinate anion.

An electrolyte for Li-ion and other secondary electrochemical cells includes an FSI anion and at least one of methyltriethylphosphonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; methyltributylphosphonium; and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium. The electrolyte uniquely enables stable cell cycling even when water is present in the electrolyte at levels as high as 5000 ppm. Methyltriethylphosphonium and trimethylisobutylphosphonium-containing electrolytes are particularly effective in this water-stabilizing capacity.

An additive for a light-emitting layer contains a compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##
where X is P, C, or S; A is a cyclic hydrocarbon group that may have H, a direct bond, a chain hydrocarbon group, or a heteroatom; R is H or an alkyl group, and a plurality of R may link together to form a ring, and if said ring is formed, at least one R is an alkyl group; m is 0 or 1; r is 1 when X is a phosphorous atom or a carbon atom and 2 when X is a sulfur atom; n is a number represented by 3-m when X is a phosphorous atom, and a number represented by 2-m if X is a carbon atom or a sulfur atom; and p is 1 when m is 0, at least 1 when m is 1, and is a substitutable number in A.

An extractant and a method for the extraction and separation of yttrium are disclosed in the invention. Cations of said extractant are selected from the group of quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium, and the anion is sec-octylphenoxy acetate. The extractant has a simple composition, the formulated organic phase has stable properties and can be recycling used without significantly decreased concentration. The present invention used a mixed organic phase consisting of an extractant and a diluent to extract a rare earth feed liquid containing yttrium, and then washed and back extracted it with deionized water so that the consumption of acid and alkali in all the processes of extraction, washing and back extraction was avoided. Therefore, the extraction is carried out under a low acidity and a high extraction efficiency was ensured. The organic phase can be recycling used without saponification, so that no ammonia wastewater was produced in the processes.

A quantum dot composition includes a quantum dot, and a ligand bonded to a surface of the quantum dot, wherein the ligand includes a head portion bonded to the surface of the quantum dot and containing a polar solvent dissociative functional group, and a tail portion connected to the head portion. A quantum dot composition according to an embodiment is used to form an emission layer of a light emitting element to enhance luminous efficiency of the light emitting element including an emission layer formed through the quantum dot composition.

An oxygen separation membrane includes a porous material and a liquid complex contained in the porous material. The complex contains a metal salen complex or a derivative thereof and a first ionic liquid. The first ionic liquid is constituted by an anion having an amine structure and an imidazolium cation, an aliphatic quaternary phosphonium cation, or an ammonium cation that have alkyl chains, alkylene oxide chains, or alkyl ether chains with each 2 to 20 carbon atoms. The anion of the first ionic liquid is axially coordinated to a central metal ion of the metal salen complex or the derivative thereof.

The invention relates to a process for preparing triaryl organoborates proceeding from organoboronic esters in the presence of an n-valent cation 1/n K.sup.n+, comprising the anhydrous workup of the reaction mixture and the use of the triaryl organoborates obtained as co-initiator in photopolymer formulations, holographic media and holograms.

A method of controlling or arresting the rate of depolymerization of a polymer composition during a biocide treatment, and use of such methods in oilfield and industrial applications. Also disclosed are methods of preparing a visco-stable application fluid containing a biocide in an amount effective to reduce bacteria count, as well as additive compositions capable of reducing bacteria count in application fluids while maintaining viscosity in such fluids. Also disclosed are methods of preparing biocide-containing application fluids with improved friction reducing properties, as well as related compositions.