An aqueous electrolyte composition suitable for a lithium secondary battery is provided. The aqueous electrolyte composition contains water; lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI); and an ionic liquid comprising an organic cation and a bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide anion (FSI); wherein the ionic liquid is a liquid at 20 C. A lithium secondary battery containing the aqueous electrolyte and a vehicle at least partially powered by the battery are also provided.

A method for extracting a rare earth metal from a mixture of one or more rare earth metals, said method comprising countercurrently contacting an acidic solution of the rare earth metal with a composition which comprises an ionic liquid to form an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase into which the rare earth metal has been selectively extracted.

Provided is a silicon-containing sulfuric acid ester salt comprising a silicon-containing sulfuric acid ester anion represented by formula (1) and a cation selected from cations respectively represented by formulae (2) to (5).

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Some embodiments described herein relate to ionic liquids comprising an anion of a heteraromatic compound such as optionally substituted pyrrolide, optionally substituted pyrazolide, optionally substituted indolide, optionally substituted phospholide, or optionally substituted imidazolide. Methods and devices for gas separation or gas absorption related to these ionic liquids are also described herein.

A trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound having a formula:

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where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are the same or different and each is independently selected from C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 hydrocarbyl; and X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or combinations thereof is described. An ionic liquid catalyst composition incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, methods of making the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, and alkylation processes incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound are also described.

The invention relates to a process for preparing triaryl organo borates proceeding from organoboronic esters in the presence of an n-valent cation 1/n K.sup.n+, comprising the anhydrous workup of the reaction mixture and the use of the triaryl organoborates obtained as co-initiator in photopolymer formulations, holographic media and holograms.

The invention relates to the chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides, e.g., oligoribonucleotides. In another aspect, the invention relates to compounds of formula (II):

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processes for making these compounds, and the use thereof in the chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides, e.g., oligoribonucleotides. The invention also relates to methods of synthesis of oligomers, including but not limited to oligopeptides, oligosaccharides and oligonucleotides, particularly oligoribonucleotides and also oligodeoxyribonucleotides, in solution systems, and ionic tag linkers for use in methods provided herein.

Disclosed herein are the methods of using di-cationic or di-anionic compounds, which are derived from primary amine through an aza-Michael addition with an activated olefin, in a corrosion control composition to mitigate corrosion of a surface in a water system. The disclosed methods or compositions are found to be more effective than those methods or compositions including commonly used single quaternary compounds for mitigating corrosion for a metal surface in water systems.

A novel class of compounds is described here. The disclosed novel compounds have one hydrophilic group and two identical hydrophilic ionic groups. The two hydrophilic groups of the disclosed compounds contain or end with a cationic or anionic charged group. The disclosed novel compounds herein can be used as surfactants in an article, product, or composition, or for some other purposes. A method to synthesize the disclosed novel compounds is also described.

Some embodiments described herein relate to ionic liquids comprising an anion of a heteraromatic compound such as optionally substituted pyrrolide, optionally substituted pyrazolide, optionally substituted indolide, optionally substituted phospholide, or optionally substituted imidazolide. Methods and devices for gas separation or gas absorption related to these ionic liquids are also described herein.