A method for producing a fluorosulfonyl group-containing compound to obtain a compound represented by the following formula 5 from a compound represented by the following formula 1 as a starting material and a method for producing a fluorosulfonyl group-containing monomer in which the fluorosulfonyl group-containing compound is used: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are a C.sub.1-3 alkylene group, and R.sup.F1 and R.sup.F2 are a C.sub.1-3 perfluoroalkylene group.

Coating and ink formulations are disclosed that are comprised of an anionically colloidally stabilized copolymer dispersion, a polyamine additive that can react with anionic groups, and a volatile base that can help shift the pH of the copolymer dispersion early in the drying process of films or coatings from the copolymer dispersion. The formulations are used in construction and roof coatings.

Coating and ink formulations are disclosed that are comprised of an anionically colloidally stabilized copolymer dispersion, a polyamine additive that can react with anionic groups, and a volatile base that can help shift the pH of the copolymer dispersion early in the drying process of films or coatings from the copolymer dispersion. The formulations are used in construction and roof coatings.

To provide an ion exchange membrane for alkali chloride electrolysis which has high membrane strength and low membrane resistance, thereby capable of reducing the electrolysis voltage during alkali chloride electrolysis. In this ion exchange membrane (1) for alkali chloride electrolysis, a reinforcing material 20 formed by weaving reinforcing yarns 22 and sacrificial yarns 24 is disposed in a layer (S) 14, and layer (S) 14 has elution portions 28 formed by elution of at least portions of the sacrificial yarns 24. In a cross section perpendicular to reinforcing yarns of the warp, the average distance (d1) from the center of a reinforcing yarn 22 to the center of the adjacent reinforcing yarn 22, the total area (P) obtained by adding the cross-sectional area of an elution portion 28 and the cross-sectional area of a sacrificial yarn 24 remaining in the elution portion 28, the number (n) of elution portions between adjacent reinforcing yarns 22, and the ion exchange capacity of a layer (Sa) located on the most anode side in the layer (S) 14 during alkali chloride electrolysis, are controlled to be within specific ranges, respectively.

[Problem to be Solved]

Provided are an aqueous dispersion of a fluoroolefin and the like that do not corrode vessels and enable a copolymer to be given at a high conversion ratio and high productivity from the fluoroolefin as a raw material monomer.

[Solution]

An aqueous dispersion containing: a fluoroolefin (a) represented by the following general formula (1); a surfactant (c) represented by the following general formula (2); and a dispersion medium containing water, wherein the aqueous dispersion has a cumulant diameter of 250 to 2,000 nm, and the aqueous dispersion has a pH of 2.0 to 7.0:

CF.sub.2═CF—[O—CF.sub.2—CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.n—O—[CF.sub.2].sub.m—Z   (1) wherein n represents an integer of 0 or more and 2 or less, m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, and Z represents CF.sub.3, SO.sub.2F, or COOH.sub.3, and

CF.sub.3—[CF.sub.2].sub.m—O—[CF(CF.sub.3)—CF.sub.2—O].sub.n—CF(CF.sub.3)—Z   (2) wherein m represents an integer of 0 to 2, n represents an integer of 0 to 6, Z represents COOM, wherein N represents H, Li, Na, K, or NR.sub.4, wherein R represents H or a linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

[Problem to be Solved]

Provided are an aqueous dispersion of a fluoroolefin and the like that do not corrode vessels and enable a copolymer to be given at a high conversion ratio and high productivity from the fluoroolefin as a raw material monomer.

[Solution]

An aqueous dispersion containing: a fluoroolefin (a) represented by the following general formula (1); a surfactant (c) represented by the following general formula (2); and a dispersion medium containing water, wherein the aqueous dispersion has a cumulant diameter of 250 to 2,000 nm, and the aqueous dispersion has a pH of 2.0 to 7.0:

CF.sub.2═CF—[O—CF.sub.2—CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.n—O—[CF.sub.2].sub.m—Z   (1) wherein n represents an integer of 0 or more and 2 or less, m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, and Z represents CF.sub.3, SO.sub.2F, or COOH.sub.3, and

CF.sub.3—[CF.sub.2].sub.m—O—[CF(CF.sub.3)—CF.sub.2—O].sub.n—CF(CF.sub.3)—Z   (2) wherein m represents an integer of 0 to 2, n represents an integer of 0 to 6, Z represents COOM, wherein N represents H, Li, Na, K, or NR.sub.4, wherein R represents H or a linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

To provide a polymer electrolyte membrane capable of producing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell excellent in power generation characteristics and excellent in hydrogen gas utilization efficiency, as well as a membrane electrode assembly and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell obtainable by using it.

The polymer electrolyte membrane of the present invention comprises a polymer electrolyte, of which the hydrogen gas permeation coefficient under the conditions of a temperature of 80° C. and a relative humidity of 10% is at most 2.4×10.sup.−9 cm.sup.3.Math.cm/(s.Math.cm.sup.2.Math.cmHg) and has a membrane thickness of from 7 to 20 μm.

To provide a polymer electrolyte membrane capable of producing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell excellent in power generation characteristics and excellent in hydrogen gas utilization efficiency, as well as a membrane electrode assembly and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell obtainable by using it.

The polymer electrolyte membrane of the present invention comprises a polymer electrolyte, of which the hydrogen gas permeation coefficient under the conditions of a temperature of 80° C. and a relative humidity of 10% is at most 2.4×10.sup.−9 cm.sup.3.Math.cm/(s.Math.cm.sup.2.Math.cmHg) and has a membrane thickness of from 7 to 20 μm.

Methods are provided to inhibit scale formation in oil or gas production systems. In one embodiment, the scale inhibiting treatment comprises: A) an AAA terpolymer and B) a polycarboxylate such as a polyepoxy succinic acid (PESA). The treatment can be added to these systems in the well area itself, to the well annulus and its associated tubes, casings, etc., to the oil or gas bearing subterranean formation, to injection conduits for injection of steam or fracking fluid to the subterranean formation, to the produced water, or to equipment in fluid contact with the produced water.

Methods are provided to inhibit scale formation in oil or gas production systems. In one embodiment, the scale inhibiting treatment comprises: A) an AAA terpolymer and B) a polycarboxylate such as a polyepoxy succinic acid (PESA). The treatment can be added to these systems in the well area itself, to the well annulus and its associated tubes, casings, etc., to the oil or gas bearing subterranean formation, to injection conduits for injection of steam or fracking fluid to the subterranean formation, to the produced water, or to equipment in fluid contact with the produced water.