Disclosed herein is an aerogel made from a polyhydroxy benzene compound crosslinked with formaldehyde. The aerogel is dry and has a first volume and wherein the aerogel can be exposed to a liquid and be re-dried in a gas while retaining at least 70% of the first volume.

The rubber composition of the present invention is prepared by mixing a rubber component (A), zinc oxide (B), and a co-condensate (C) having a softening point of 150° C. or lower and containing a p-tert-butylphenol-derived constituent unit represented by the following formula (1), an o-phenylphenol-derived constituent unit represented by the following formula (2) and a resorcinol-derived constituent unit represented by the following formula (3), wherein the nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N.sub.2SA) of the zinc oxide (B) measured according to the BET method is 6 m.sup.2/g or more and 110 m.sup.2/g or less, the mixing amount of the zinc oxide (B) is 5 parts by mass or more and 13 parts by mass or less based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component (A), and the mixing amount of the co-condensate (C) is 0.1 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component (A). The co-condensate (C) is usable as a replacement for p-tert-octylphenol and p-nonylphenol, has a softening point lower than the maximum temperature in a rubber processing step, and has excellent dispersibility in rubber.

##STR00001##

The rubber composition of the present invention is prepared by mixing a rubber component (A), zinc oxide (B), and a co-condensate (C) having a softening point of 150° C. or lower and containing a p-tert-butylphenol-derived constituent unit represented by the following formula (1), an o-phenylphenol-derived constituent unit represented by the following formula (2) and a resorcinol-derived constituent unit represented by the following formula (3), wherein the nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N.sub.2SA) of the zinc oxide (B) measured according to the BET method is 6 m.sup.2/g or more and 110 m.sup.2/g or less, the mixing amount of the zinc oxide (B) is 5 parts by mass or more and 13 parts by mass or less based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component (A), and the mixing amount of the co-condensate (C) is 0.1 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component (A). The co-condensate (C) is usable as a replacement for p-tert-octylphenol and p-nonylphenol, has a softening point lower than the maximum temperature in a rubber processing step, and has excellent dispersibility in rubber.

##STR00001##

A resorcinolic novolac resin composition comprising the reaction product of (i) an aldehyde or ketone, and (ii) aralkyl-substituted resorcinol and resorcinol, where the moles of the aralkyl-substituted resorcinol to the total moles of the resorcinol and aralkyl-substituted resorcinol is 0.01:1 to 0.4:1.

A resorcinolic novolac resin composition comprising the reaction product of (i) an aldehyde or ketone, and (ii) aralkyl-substituted resorcinol and resorcinol, where the moles of the aralkyl-substituted resorcinol to the total moles of the resorcinol and aralkyl-substituted resorcinol is 0.01:1 to 0.4:1.

The present application is directed to methods for preparation of carbon materials. The carbon materials comprise enhanced electrochemical properties and find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, as electrode material in ultracapacitors or batteries.

The present application is directed to methods for preparation of carbon materials. The carbon materials comprise enhanced electrochemical properties and find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, as electrode material in ultracapacitors or batteries.

Disclosed herein are polymers formed by the condensation of bis(hydroxycarbyl)-aminophenolic compounds with aldehydes. The condensation polymers include one or more repeat units having bis(hydroxycarbyl)amino functionality. The hydroxyl groups of the bis(hydroxycarbyl)amino functionalities are available for further condensation with an epoxide, such as ethylene oxide, to yield a polyalkoxylated polymer. The polymers are useful as antipolymerants, polymerization retardants, surfactants, or a combination of these in one or more industrial systems.

In certain aspects and embodiments, the present invention provides a radiolytic polymerization/gelation method for the synthesis of gels and their subsequent activated carbon derivatives. In certain exemplary embodiments, resorcinol-formaldehyde gels are produced from resorcinol and formaldehyde without additives, catalysts, buffers, initiators or other species. In certain embodiments, ionizing γ-type radiation from .sup.60Co is used as a radiation source in the gel crosslinking process. Different compositions of resorcinol/formaldehyde and a wide range of irradiation doses were examined. Various techniques are used to characterize the outcome product, either the gels or their derived carbon gels or activated carbon.

In certain aspects and embodiments, the present invention provides a radiolytic polymerization/gelation method for the synthesis of gels and their subsequent activated carbon derivatives. In certain exemplary embodiments, resorcinol-formaldehyde gels are produced from resorcinol and formaldehyde without additives, catalysts, buffers, initiators or other species. In certain embodiments, ionizing γ-type radiation from .sup.60Co is used as a radiation source in the gel crosslinking process. Different compositions of resorcinol/formaldehyde and a wide range of irradiation doses were examined. Various techniques are used to characterize the outcome product, either the gels or their derived carbon gels or activated carbon.