The present disclosure relates to a modified epoxy resin having the formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein R is R1, R2 or a combination of R1 and R2; R1 and R2 are independently alkyl group having 1 to 32 C atoms, branched alkyl group having 1 to 32 C atoms, Cyclo-aliphatic group, substituted cycloaliphatic group, aromatic group, substituted aromatic group, biaryl or alkyl substituted biaryl group, methyl bridged aromatic group, cycloaliphatic-aromatic group or Ar—Z—Ar group; X and Y are independently O, —C(O)O—, or an amine group. Z is dicyclopentadiene; R3 and R4 are independently either H, alkyl group, branched alkyl group, alkoxy group, substituted biaryl group or methyl bridged aromatic group; R4 and R3 optionally forming a fused aromatic ring or a fused hetero aromatic ring; n is 0 to 1 with n=0>75%; and N is 1-20.

Provided are an epoxy resin composition, a prepreg, a resin sheet, and a carbon fiber-reinforced composite material, which have high heat resistance, a high elastic modulus, low water absorption, and excellent flame resistance. This epoxy resin is a para-cresol novolac epoxy resin represented by General formula (1), in which a content ratio of components represented by n=1 as measured by gel permeation chromatography is less than 10% by area, and a content ratio of components represented by n=2 as measured by gel permeation chromatography is at least 1% by area and less than 40% by area. ##STR00001## (In the formula, plural R's each independently represent a C1-6 alkyl group, n represents a real number of 1 to 10, and G represents a substituted or unsubstituted glycidyl group.)

The present invention provides a polyfunctional phenolic resin and a polyfunctional epoxy resin having low viscosity and having excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance of a cured product to be obtained, a curable resin composition containing these, and a cured product thereof. Specifically, provided are a polyfunctional phenolic resin formed with a naphthol structure optionally having a substituent on an aromatic ring and a catechol structure optionally having a methyl group as a substituent on an aromatic ring bonded together via a methylene group optionally having a substituent, a polyfunctional epoxy resin obtained by epoxidizing the polyfunctional phenolic resin, a curable resin composition containing any of these, and a cured product thereof.

The present invention relates to an anhydrosugar alcohol-alkylene glycol composition, an anhydrosugar alcohol-based urethane-modified polyol composition, and use thereof for epoxy resin composition.

The present invention relates to an anhydrosugar alcohol-alkylene glycol composition, an anhydrosugar alcohol-based urethane-modified polyol composition, and use thereof for epoxy resin composition.

The present invention provides systems, methods and devices for sealing and/or curing a leakage at a remote site in a pipe, the system including a multiplicity of polymeric carrier plugs of a deformable material including pores, at least one sealant composition disposed in the pores; and a carrier liquid composition adapted to transport the multiplicity of polymeric carrier plugs to a site of the leakage, wherein at least some of the multiplicity of polymeric carrier plugs polymeric carrier plugs are adapted to transport the at least one sealant composition from a first site in the carrier liquid composition to a remote site and to seal the leakage at the remote site.

The present invention provides systems, methods and devices for sealing and/or curing a leakage at a remote site in a pipe, the system including a multiplicity of polymeric carrier plugs of a deformable material including pores, at least one sealant composition disposed in the pores; and a carrier liquid composition adapted to transport the multiplicity of polymeric carrier plugs to a site of the leakage, wherein at least some of the multiplicity of polymeric carrier plugs polymeric carrier plugs are adapted to transport the at least one sealant composition from a first site in the carrier liquid composition to a remote site and to seal the leakage at the remote site.

Provided are an epoxy resin composition, a prepreg, a resin sheet, and a carbon fiber-reinforced composite material, which have high heat resistance, a high elastic modulus, low water absorption, and excellent flame resistance. This epoxy resin is a para-cresol novolac epoxy resin represented by General formula (1), in which a content ratio of components represented by n=1 as measured by gel permeation chromatography is less than 10% by area, and a content ratio of components represented by n=2 as measured by gel permeation chromatography is at least 1% by area and less than 40% by area.

##STR00001##

(In the formula, plural R's each independently represent a C1-6 alkyl group, n represents a real number of 1 to 10, and G represents a substituted or unsubstituted glycidyl group.)

The invention pertains to a composition of epoxide-functionalized resins, comprising at least a first epoxide-functionalized novolac resin, a second epoxide-functionalized novolac resin, and a curing agent selected from phenolic or amine-type curing agents, the average molar mass of the group consisting of the entirety of the epoxidized novolac resins in the said composition being between 550 and 650 g/mol, the average epoxide functionality of the said group being between 3 and 3.5 eq epoxide/mol, and the said composition having a glass transition temperature T.sub.g of at least 160 C.

To provide a friction material used for a brake shoe of a drum brake for a passenger car, which continuously reduces generation of low frequency noise and provides excellent braking effectiveness and wear resistance and is manufactured by forming a friction material composition which contains no cleavage substance, 8-12 weight % of a phenolic thermosetting resin as the binder, 9-18 weight % of cashew dust as the organic friction modifier, 6-12 weight % of a rubber particle, where the total amount of the cashew dust and rubber particle is 18-25 weight %, and 4-10 weight % of the aluminum particle as the inorganic friction modifier, all relative to the total amount of the friction material composition. The friction material contains the phenolic thermosetting resin consists of a straight novolak phenolic resin and the unvulcanized nitrile rubber (NBR) particle.