A condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 and an organic light-emitting device including the same.

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A condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1:

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wherein, in Formula 1, groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

An organic electroluminescent device includes a pair of electrodes; and an organic layer between the pair of electrodes, which includes a light-emitting layer, wherein the organic layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (I); and the light-emitting layer contains a iridium complex phosphorescent material:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and contiguous substituents of R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 may be bonded to each other to form a condensed ring; R.sup.9 represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a hetero-aryl group, or a silyl group, and each of which group may be substituted with a substituent; and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.9 represents a deuterium atom or a substituent containing a deuterium atom.

A composition comprising a diarylethene photochromic anodic species, a cathodic species and an electrolyte that comprises a supporting electrolyte and a solvent. Electrochromic devices such as optical filters are prepared from such compositions.

An amine compound is represented by Formula 1. A light emitting element of an embodiment includes a first electrode, a second electrode and at least one functional layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including the amine compound represented by Formula 1 below, thereby showing high efficiency and long-life characteristics.

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Provided is a novel heterocyclic compound which can be used as a host material for dispersing a light-emitting material in a light-emitting layer of a light-emitting element. Further provided is a light-emitting element which is driven at a low voltage and has high current efficiency. By including the light-emitting element, a light-emitting device, an electronic device, and a lighting device each with reduced power consumption are provided. The light-emitting element contains a compound in which a dibenzo[f,h]quinoline ring and a hole-transport skeleton are bonded through an arylene group. The light-emitting device, the electronic device, and the lighting device each including the light-emitting element are provided. The light-emitting element contains a heterocyclic compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (G1). ##STR00001##

Surface-modified nanoparticles are produced by associating ligand interactive agents with the surface of a nanoparticle. The ligand interactive agents are bound to surface modifying ligands that are tailored to impart particular solubility and/or compatibility properties. The ligand interactive agents are crosslinked via a linking/crosslinking agent, such as hexamethoxymethylmelamine or a derivative thereof. The linking/crosslinking agent may provide a binding site for binding the surface modifying ligands to the ligand interactive agents.

A compound represented by the following formula (1). ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a condensed fluorene derivative comprising a hetero ring, and, more specifically, relates to an intermediate for producing a hetero-ring compound able to exhibit the outstanding element characteristic of a long life and outstanding luminance and light-emission efficiency when used as an organic light-emitting material.

A compound comprising a ligand L.sub.A, having a structure of Formula I, ##STR00001##
is provided. In Formula I, A.sup.1 to A.sup.8 are each independently CR or N; at least two adjacent ones of A.sup.1 to A.sup.8 are CR and the Rs are joined together to form a six-membered ring fused to ring A or ring C; X is O, S, or Se; each R and R.sup.B is independently hydrogen or a substituent; any adjacent substituents are optionally joined or fused into a ring; the ligand L.sub.A is coordinated to a metal M; the metal M is bonded to ring A through a M-C bond; the metal M can be coordinated to other ligands; and the ligand L.sub.A is optionally linked with other ligands. Formulations, OLEDs, and consumer products containing such compounds are also disclosed.