Provided is mineral functional water including beneficial efficacy, such as improving action of combustion efficiency. Electromagnetic waves irradiated by mineral components contained in the mineral functional water according to the present invention reveals combustion-promoting action on hydrocarbons, such as hydrocarbons fuel.

In accordance with the present invention, a fuel/oxygen solution is provided for use in the operation of any type of combustion chamber. Operationally, the fuel/oxygen solution is created by a solvent which includes a hydrocarbon based fuel that has been treated with an electromagnetically modified ethanol additive, and a solute that includes paramagnetic oxygen molecules. Chemically, the solvent additive has increased InterMolecular Forces (IMFs) and dispersion forces for hydrocarbon molecules in a treated fuel to make these respective forces effectively comparable with IMFs and dispersion forces of a solute of paramagnetic oxygen molecules. Thus, when atomized in a combustion chamber, the treated fuel acts as a more efficient solvent for dissolving oxygen from the air, to thereby create the fuel/oxygen solution for use in the combustion chamber.

The present invention is a fuel additive that includes adducts which have been formed in a solution of metallic ions, ethanol and water. In particular, the adducts are formed for the fuel additive when the solution is electromagnetically radiated. When formed, the adducts have relatively strong permanent dipoles that will influence the temporary dipoles of hydrocarbons in untreated fuel. Specifically, under the influence of the fuel additive, hydrocarbons in the treated fuel will exhibit permanent dipoles that more effectively interact with oxygen molecules from air when the treated fuel is atomized in air in a combustion chamber.

A fuel for use in internal combustion engines, wherein the fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water, urea and/or Ammonium Nitrate. The water is included in a quantity which renders the Ammonium Nitrate and/or urea dissolved in the at least one alcohol. The at least one alcohol is methanol included in a concentration having a range of 90-97 weight %. The Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 0.5-10 weight %; more optionally, the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 1-5 weight %. Further, the urea is included in a concentration having a range of 1-10 weight %.

Methods for producing alcohols and oligomers contemporaneously from a hydrocarbon feed containing mixed butenes using an acid based catalyst are provided. Additionally, methods for producing fuel compositions having alcohols and oligomers prepared from mixed olefins are also provided as embodiments of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the catalyst can include a dual phase catalyst system that includes a water soluble acid catalyst and a solid acid catalyst.

The present invention discloses a gasoline efficacy promoter (GEP) boosting combustion efficiency of gasoline in internal combustion engines by a mechanism of micro-dissociation comprising a microemulsion of modified bio-carbon, a surfactant, water, a modified vegetable oil and a dispersant, and a method of making it. The gasoline efficacy promoter, environmentally friendly and stable for longer than six months, can increase the combustion efficiency by more than 10%, and reduce 80% of NO.sub.x formation in exhaust emission when an appropriate dosage is added to a fuel tank in a vehicle.

A gas turbine process includes supplying a fuel to a gas turbine, combusting the fuel in the gas turbine with a hot gas path temperature reaching at least 1100 C. during operation of the gas turbine, and supplying an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing inorganic compound to interact with the vanadium and inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine caused by vanadium as a fuel impurity in the fuel. A process includes supplying an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing inorganic compound to a hot gas path or a combustor of a gas turbine. A fuel composition includes a fuel including at least one fuel impurity including vanadium and an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing compound. An atomic ratio of yttrium to vanadium in the fuel composition is in a range of 1 to 1.5.

Methods for producing alcohols and oligomers contemporaneously from a hydrocarbon feed containing mixed butenes using an acid based catalyst are provided. Additionally, methods for producing fuel compositions having alcohols and oligomers prepared from mixed olefins are also provided as embodiments of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the catalyst can include a dual phase catalyst system that includes a water soluble acid catalyst and a solid acid catalyst.

Oxycombustion process wherein low ranking, gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in an amount by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, for producing energy, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a water-soluble salt, the combustor being refractored and isotherm or quasi isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures comprised between 1,250 C. and 1,450 C. and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant is oxygen, the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam such that the ratio by moles oxidant:(water-steam) is comprised between about 1:0.4 and about 1:3 or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water, the molar ratio oxidant:(water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the low ranking hydrocarbon fraction containing vanadium is fed in admixture with water or steam, such that the amount of water/steam in the mixture is at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.

A process based on the combined use of yttrium and magnesium to inhibit vanadium corrosion of high temperature parts of thermal equipment. The combined use of yttrium and magnesium, applied in a variable yttrium/magnesium ratio, compared with conventional magnesium inhibition, may reduce emission of magnesium vanadate and minimize losses of performance due to fouling of the high temperature parts, including in the presence of alkali metals. Further, compared with inhibition based on yttrium alone, it may reduce the inhibition cost and reinforce the protection against combined vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate corrosion.