Methods and systems for manufacturing emulsified fuel include: adding surfactant to fuel; blending the surfactant and fuel together in a first mixing chamber for a first mixing period; subjecting the blended surfactant and fuel mixture to a dwell period following the first mixing period; introducing water into the blended surfactant and fuel mixture following the dwell period; and blending the surfactant, fuel and water together in a second mixing chamber for a second mixing period. The surfactant is selected to exhibit an HLB rating in the range of 8.75 to 8.83.

The present technology is related to imide containing quaternary ammonium salts having a hydrocarbyl substituent of number average molecular weight less 300, and additive packages having such quaternary ammonium salts and improved stability.

New, highly effective substantially pure Mannich detergents for use in hydrocarbon fuels reduce engine deposits in spark and compression ignition internal combustion engines. The Mannich condensation reaction products are obtainable by reacting: (i) a polyamine having primary amino groups, (ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, and (iii) an aldehyde, wherein the reaction is conducted at in a molar ratio of (i):(ii):(iii) of approximately 1:2:3. The Mannich detergent compounds may be dispersed in a liquid carrier to provide a fuel additive concentrate for hydrocarbon engine fuels which effectively control engine deposit formation in intake valves, port fuel injectors and combustion chambers.

A method of producing a fuel additive includes producing a first product stream comprising butadiene by passing a feed stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a steam cracker; transforming greater than or equal to 90 weight % of the butadiene in the first product stream into a second product stream by passing the first product stream through a first hydrogenation unit, wherein the second product stream comprises 1-butene, 2-butene, n-butane, isobutylene, isobutane, or a combination thereof; and converting the second product stream into the fuel additive by passing the second product stream through a fuel additive synthesis unit with an acid catalyst.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group having less than 8 carbon atoms and R.sup.5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group.

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The present invention pertains to a process for refining of crude tall oil (CTO). The process comprises fractionation under vacuum of a refined CTO into at least one stream of refined tall diesel (RTD) or tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), the RTD or TOFA comprises from 2-30% by volume of resin acids and from 20-90% by volume of fatty acids, and at least one stream of resin acid(s) (RA) comprising less than 5% by volume of fatty acids. The stream of RTD or TOFA is deoxygenated forming hydrocarbon compounds in a subsequent step. This invention also relates to a refined tall diesel. Furthermore, a process for the production of a refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, wherein crude sulphate turpentine(s) (CST) is added to the refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, is described.

Use of a liquid fuel composition comprising (a) a gasoline base fuel and (b) from 0.5 to 50% v/v of naphtha as a fuel for a spark ignition internal combustion engine, wherein the spark ignition internal combustion engine is comprised within the powertrain of a hybrid electric vehicle.

There is provided a method of providing an improved biofuel, by the presence of an additive which is the reaction product of (i) a compound containing the segment —NR.sup.1R.sup.2 where R.sup.1 represents a group containing from 4 to 44 carbon atoms and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group R.sup.1 (for example di-hydrogenated tallow amine) and (ii) a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or an acid anhydride or acid chloride thereof (for example phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride). The additives described combat problems arising from precipitation at temperatures above the cloud point.

Fuel compositions comprising at least 10 ppm by weight of a succinic ester acid amine salt or a succinamide acid amine salt (both “amine salt(s)”). The amine salt is the product of (a) and (b), wherein: (a) is an amine with (i) at least one tertiary nitrogen and (ii) at least one hydroxy alkyl functional group and/or at least one secondary amine functionality; and (b) is a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid/or anhydride. The molar ratio of (a) to (b) may range from 3:1 to 1:3. The fuel composition may comprise gasoline, oxygenate, or mixtures thereof. Methods and uses for reducing carbonaceous deposits in an engine comprising operating the engine using the fuel composition having an amine salt therein.

A multipurpose fuel composition is disclosed which contains a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable jet fuel component, wherein the multipurpose fuel composition has a freezing point of −40° C. or below, and an exemplary cetane number more than 40, preferably more than 45, more preferably more than 50.