A method of producing fatty acid alkyl ester from an organic oil source containing at least one free fatty acid, wherein the vegetable and/or animal waste oil has an acid number of at least 30 mg KOH/g and wherein the method comprises the steps of a) reacting the oil source with glycerol at a temperature, which is at least 110? C. and does not exceed 180? C. during the reaction, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least methane sulfonic acid or the homo anhydride thereof; and b) acidic transesterification at a temperature, which is at least 110? C. and does not exceed 160? C. during the reaction of the reaction product from step a) with an alkanol; and c) isolating the fatty acid alkyl ester from the reaction product of step b).

This invention relates to the fuels, and can be used in the national economy as a motor fuel equivalent by its physical and chemical properties to the oil motor fuel. The technical result of this invention is a biofuel produced, which allows to improve the combustion process efficiency in engine operation, increase engine power and reduce the startup time. In addition, this product can be used to reduce harmful emissions from the engine with significant cost reduction by using components based on low-cost large tonnage products available provided with domestic raw materials, including renewable ones, improve cold flow performance and increase the cetane number. This effect can be achieved by the biofuel as a mixture of dietilformal 40-80 by vol. % and glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids 20-60 by vol. %. Vegetable oils are used as glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids.

A method comprising a series of selective extraction techniques for the parallel production of biodiesel and isolation of several valuable co-products including an alkenone hydrocarbon mixture of the kerosene/jet fuel range (primarily C10-, C12-, and C17-hydrocarbons) and fucoxanthin, a high-valued carotenoid, from the marine alkenone-producing microalgae Isochrysis.

The present invention provides a method and a system for preparing fuel using high-acid-value biological grease, which can be processed through triple deoxidization steps, i.e., thermal cracking deoxygenation-catalytic cracking deoxygenation-catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. By use of the method and system of the invention, the raw material of the high-acid-value biological grease can be gradually deoxidized to reduce the acid value and thereby prepare a clean fuel with equivalent fuel components as those obtained from crude oil refining or direct hydrodeoxygenation for biological grease.

Systems and methods to provide renewable transportation fuels for internal combustion engines by converting renewable feedstocks into two or more intermediate hydrocarbon blend stocks and blending at least two of the two or more intermediate hydrocarbon blend stocks to produce the renewable transportation fuel. Methods and/or processes may include selecting sugar from a sugar source and introducing the sugar into one or more reactors. The sugar may be converted into an intermediate renewable hydrocarbon blend stock and sent to a separation unit to separate out an intermediate renewable gasoline unit. The process may include selecting and converting a lipid from a lipid source into a renewable diesel product. The renewable diesel product may be sent to a second separation unit to separate out renewable diesel and a low-grade naphtha. The low-grade naphtha and intermediate renewable gasoline may be blended to define a finished renewable gasoline.

The invention relates to a hydrocarbon blend for input to a refinery and comprising a first blend component containing a renewable hydrocarbon component and a second blend component containing petroleum derived hydrocarbon to form at least part of a final hydrocarbon blend for processing in a refinery where the first blend component is characterized by comprising a hydrocarbon substance with at least 70% by weight having a boiling point above 220? C. and by having the characteristics (?.sub.d1, ?.sub.?1, ?.sub.h1)=(17-20, 6-12, 6-12) and; where the second blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (?.sub.{acute over (?)}2, ?.sub.?2, ?.sub.h2)=(17-20, 3-5, 4-7), where the first blend component is present in the final hydrocarbon blend in a relative amount of up to 80 wt %.

A chemical upgrading of two high-yield fermentation products to produce a novel biofuel with properties desirable for use in internal combustion engines produces a C.sub.7 to C.sub.22 alkoxyalkanoate corresponding to formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.2 and R.sup.1 are alkyl groups independently selected to have 2 to 18 carbon atoms; wherein the R.sup.3 group is a C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 group divalent alkyl group. The alkoxyalkanoate can be used as a neat fuel or blend with biodiesel, diesel, gasoline, ethanol or other fuels. The alkoxyalkanoates have improved cloud point properties over diesel fuels. A method for making the alkoxyalkanoate from a biomass source is also disclosed.

The present invention provides a composition comprising 10-40 mass! of C.sub.8-30 linear alkanes, up to 20 mass % of C.sub.7-20 aromatic hydrocarbons, at least 90 mass % of which are monoaromatic, and no more than 1 massl in total of oxygen containing compounds; wherein the total amount of C.sub.8-30 alkanes in the composition is 50-95 mass % (and the total amount of C.sub.8-30 alkanes, C.sub.7-20 aromatic hydrocarbons and C.sub.8-30 cycloalkanes is at least 95 massl; and wherein the amounts are based on the mass of the composition. Also provided is a method for producing the composition comprising the step of hydroprocessing a biological feedstock using a catalyst and the step of fractionating the product of the hydroprocessing step.

The invention provides methods of manufacturing alkanes from triglyceride oils produced through fermentation of oil-bearing microbes. The processes provided herein can utilize a variety of carbohydrate feedstocks including cane bagasse, sugar beet pulp, corn stover, glycerol, corn starch, sorghum, molasses, waste glycerol, and other renewable materials. These processes further comprise hydrotreating, hydrocracking, isomerization, distillation, and other petrochemical processes for use with oil-bearing microbes and products derived therefrom to manufacture fuels. Particular embodiments include the manufacture of ASTM D975 and ASTM D1655 compliant fuels. Genetically engineered microbes provided herein can be used in the manufacture of renewable diesel and renewable jet fuel.

The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.