Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

The invention relates to a method of producing a reduced labelled cofactor comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3. The invention also relates to a method of producing a reduced labelled reaction product comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3, wherein the method comprises producing a reduced labelled cofactor according to the invention. The invention also relates to systems for performing such methods.

The invention relates to a method of producing a reduced labelled cofactor comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3. The invention also relates to a method of producing a reduced labelled reaction product comprising one or more .sup.xH atom, wherein x is 2 or 3, wherein the method comprises producing a reduced labelled cofactor according to the invention. The invention also relates to systems for performing such methods.

The present disclosure relates to a putrescine-producing microorganism of the genus Corynebacterium, and a method of producing putrescine using the same.

The disclosure relates to host cells having altered NADPH availability, allowing for increased production of compounds produced using NADPH, and methods of use thereof. NADPH availability is altered by one or more of: expressing an altered GAPDH, expressing a variant glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd), dihydropicolinate reductase (dapB), and meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (ddh), expressing a novel nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, expressing a novel threonine aldolase, and expressing or modulating the expression of a pyruvate carboxylase in the host cells.

The present disclosure relates to a putrescine-producing microorganism of the genus Corynebacterium, and a method of producing putrescine using the same.

Provided herein are composition and process for using a device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state, using a catalyst to enable the reduction of the oxidized form of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by hydrogen, and methods for providing the hydrogen.

Provided herein are composition and process for using a device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state, using a catalyst to enable the reduction of the oxidized form of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by hydrogen, and methods for providing the hydrogen.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.