Enzyme-based systems and methods for synthesizing the NAD precursors NMN and NaMN are disclosed. Such methods and systems utilize a mutated form of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) that is superactive and/or other enzyme or enzyme combinations that are immobilized onto a solid surface. The methods and systems substantially increase the efficiency and yield of NAD precursor synthesis.

Enzyme-based systems and methods for synthesizing the NAD precursors NMN and NaMN are disclosed. Such methods and systems utilize a mutated form of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) that is superactive and/or other enzyme or enzyme combinations that are immobilized onto a solid surface. The methods and systems substantially increase the efficiency and yield of NAD precursor synthesis.

Provided herein a re composition and process for using an electrochemica 1 device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state in which unwanted products of the electrochemical reduction are recovered as the oxidized state of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and returned to the electrochemical device for reduction.

Provided herein a re composition and process for using an electrochemica 1 device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state in which unwanted products of the electrochemical reduction are recovered as the oxidized state of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and returned to the electrochemical device for reduction.

In one embodiment, a method of treating cancer in a patient comprises administering cGAMP or cGAsMP to a patient having cancer and allowing the cGAMP or cGAsMP to treat the cancer. In another embodiment, a method for en2ymatically synthesizing and purifying cGAMP or cGAsMP comprises providing cGAS; combining cGAS with ATP or ATP phosphorothioate, respectively, and GTP to produce cGAMP or cGAsMP; separating cGAMP or cGAsMP from the cGAS and DNA by ultrafiltration; and purifying cGAMP or cGAsMP using ion exchange chromatography and optionally gel filtration chromatography.

In one embodiment, a method of treating cancer in a patient comprises administering cGAMP or cGAsMP to a patient having cancer and allowing the cGAMP or cGAsMP to treat the cancer. In another embodiment, a method for en2ymatically synthesizing and purifying cGAMP or cGAsMP comprises providing cGAS; combining cGAS with ATP or ATP phosphorothioate, respectively, and GTP to produce cGAMP or cGAsMP; separating cGAMP or cGAsMP from the cGAS and DNA by ultrafiltration; and purifying cGAMP or cGAsMP using ion exchange chromatography and optionally gel filtration chromatography.

The present invention relates to cofactor regeneration systems, components and uses thereof and methods for generating and regenerating cofactors. The cofactor regeneration system comprises a first electron transfer component selected from a polypeptide comprising a NADH:acceptor oxido-reductase or NADPH:acceptor oxido-reductase, a second electron transfer component selected from a hydrogenase moiety and/or non-biological nanoparticles and an electronically conducting surface. The first and second electron transfer components are immobilised on the electrically conducting surface, and the first and second electron transfer components do not occur together in nature as an enzyme complex.

The present invention relates to cofactor regeneration systems, components and uses thereof and methods for generating and regenerating cofactors. The cofactor regeneration system comprises a first electron transfer component selected from a polypeptide comprising a NADH:acceptor oxido-reductase or NADPH:acceptor oxido-reductase, a second electron transfer component selected from a hydrogenase moiety and/or non-biological nanoparticles and an electronically conducting surface. The first and second electron transfer components are immobilised on the electrically conducting surface, and the first and second electron transfer components do not occur together in nature as an enzyme complex.

Enzyme-based systems and methods for synthesizing the NAD precursors NMN and NaMN are disclosed. Such methods and systems utilize a mutated form of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) that is superactive and/or other enzyme or enzyme combinations that are immobilized onto a solid surface. The methods and systems substantially increase the efficiency and yield of NAD precursor synthesis.

The present invention relates to a composition for production of photosynthetic light-reaction products comprising photosynthetic membrane vesicles, and a production method for the photosynthetic light-reaction products by using the composition. In addition, the present invention relates to a preparation method for a photosynthetic light-reaction monomer comprising a step of isolating vesicles from the cell membrane of photosynthetic bacteria or algae.