A process for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors NAD.sup.+/NADH and NADP.sup.+/NADPH in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that a) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of general formula R.sub.1C(O)COOH is reduced, and b) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, a compound of general formula R.sub.2CH(OH)R.sub.3 is oxidized and wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 in the compounds have different meanings.

A practical method for enzymatically synthesizing c-di-GMP with excellent productivity is provided. A diguanylate cyclase having physical and chemical characteristics (A) to (F): (A) catalytic action on reaction 2 GTP.fwdarw.c-di-GMP; (B) a molecular weight of 198002000; (C) an optimum pH of 7.3 to 9.4; (D) an optimum temperature of 35 to 60 C.; (E) thermal stability as the remaining activity of 90% or higher after heated for 60 minutes under conditions of 50 C. and pH7.8; and (F) the presence of GGDEF (SEQ ID NO:26) domain and the lack of amino acid sequence KXXD (SEQ ID NO:23) in the i-site.

A practical method for enzymatically synthesizing c-di-GMP with excellent productivity is provided. A diguanylate cyclase having physical and chemical characteristics (A) to (F): (A) catalytic action on reaction 2 GTP.fwdarw.c-di-GMP; (B) a molecular weight of 198002000; (C) an optimum pH of 7.3 to 9.4; (D) an optimum temperature of 35 to 60 C.; (E) thermal stability as the remaining activity of 90% or higher after heated for 60 minutes under conditions of 50 C. and pH7.8; and (F) the presence of GGDEF (SEQ ID NO:26) domain and the lack of amino acid sequence KXXD (SEQ ID NO:23) in the i-site.

A process for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors NAD.sup.+/NADH and NADP.sup.+/NADPH in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that a) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of general formula R.sub.1C(O)COOH is reduced, and b) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, a compound of general formula R.sub.2CH(OH)R.sub.3 is oxidized and wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 in the compounds have different meanings.

A process for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors NAD.sup.+/NADH and NADP.sup.+/NADPH in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that a) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of general formula R.sub.1C(O)COOH is reduced, and b) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, a compound of general formula R.sub.2CH(OH)R.sub.3 is oxidized and wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 in the compounds have different meanings.

It discloses a chemical regeneration method of oxidized coenzyme NAD(P).sup.+ which is under an oxygen or air atmosphere condition, adding a catalytic amount of bridged flavin, and oxidizing NAD(P)H to obtain NAD(P).sup.+. The catalyst for regeneration of cofactor is cheap and easily available small organic molecule having no noble metal; this regeneration system can regenerate NADH and NADPH; this regeneration system has a wide pH range and temperature range, being applicable to various oxidation reactions catalyzed by nicotinamide-dependent oxidoreductase.

It discloses a chemical regeneration method of oxidized coenzyme NAD(P).sup.+ which is under an oxygen or air atmosphere condition, adding a catalytic amount of bridged flavin, and oxidizing NAD(P)H to obtain NAD(P).sup.+. The catalyst for regeneration of cofactor is cheap and easily available small organic molecule having no noble metal; this regeneration system can regenerate NADH and NADPH; this regeneration system has a wide pH range and temperature range, being applicable to various oxidation reactions catalyzed by nicotinamide-dependent oxidoreductase.

The disclosure provides polypeptides and encoding nucleic acids of engineered formate dehydrogenases. The disclosure also provides cells expressing an engineered formate dehydrogenase. The disclosure further provides methods for producing a bioderived compound comprising culturing cells expressing an engineered formate dehydrogenase. Where the engineered formate dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing a conversion.

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) enzymes have been engineered to produce polypeptides having increased cGAS activity in the cyclization of modified nucleoside triphosphates, including thiolated or fluorinated nucleoside triphosphates, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, as well as vectors and host cells comprising these polynucleotides and polypeptides. Methods for producing cGAS enzymes, compositions comprising the cGAS enzymes and methods of using the engineered cGAS enzymes are useful for the production of pharmaceutical compounds.

The present invention relates to a composition for production of photosynthetic light-reaction products comprising photosynthetic membrane vesicles, and a production method for the photosynthetic light-reaction products by using the composition. In addition, the present invention relates to a preparation method for a photosynthetic light-reaction monomer comprising a step of isolating vesicles from the cell membrane of photosynthetic bacteria or algae.