Herein discussed is a hydrogen production system comprising: a catalytic partial oxidation (CPDX) reactor; a steam generator; and an electrochemical (EC) reactor; wherein the CPDX reactor product stream is introduced into the EC reactor and the steam generator provides steam to the EC reactor; and wherein the product stream and the steam do not come in contact with each other in the EC reactor. In an embodiment, the EC reactor generates a first product stream comprising CO and CO.sub.2 and a second product stream comprising H.sub.2 and H.sub.2O, wherein the two product streams do not come in contact with each other.

Herein discussed is a hydrogen production system comprising: a catalytic partial oxidation (CPDX) reactor; a steam generator; and an electrochemical (EC) reactor; wherein the CPDX reactor product stream is introduced into the EC reactor and the steam generator provides steam to the EC reactor; and wherein the product stream and the steam do not come in contact with each other in the EC reactor. In an embodiment, the EC reactor generates a first product stream comprising CO and CO.sub.2 and a second product stream comprising H.sub.2 and H.sub.2O, wherein the two product streams do not come in contact with each other.

Disclosed herein are electrolytes having increased proton conduction and steam tolerance for use in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). The disclosed SOECs provide an enhanced means for obtaining hydrogen. The disclosed SOECs provide enhanced conductivity and stability and, therefore, result in higher performance when used to fabricate electrolysis cells, fuel cells, and reversible cells.

A process for the production of direct reduced iron (DRI), with or without carbon, using hydrogen, where the hydrogen is produced utilizing water generated internally from the process. The process is characterized by containing either one or two gas loops, one for affecting the reduction of the oxide and another for affecting the carburization of the DRI. The primary loop responsible for reduction recirculates used gas from the shaft furnace in a loop including a dry dedusting step, an oxygen removal step to generate the hydrogen, and a connection to the shaft furnace for reduction. In the absence of a second loop, this loop, in conjunction with natural gas addition, can be used to deposit carbon. A secondary carburizing loop installed downstream of the shaft furnace can more finely control carbon addition. This loop includes a reactor vessel, a dedusting step, and a gas separation unit.

A system includes a high temperature electrolyser, a first line for supplying the electrolyser to supply the electrolyser with steam, a first line for discharging the electrolyser to discharge dihydrogen from the electrolyser, a second line for discharging the electrolyser to discharge dioxygen from the electrolyser, a first heat exchange module to ensure a heat exchange between the first steam supply line and the first dihydrogen discharge line. The system also includes a steam ejector arranged downstream from the first heat exchange module on the first dihydrogen discharge line to inject steam into the first dihydrogen discharge line. The system relates to the field of high temperature electrolysis of water, also with solid oxide and that of solid oxide fuel cells. It applies particularly to optimise the energy consumption of an SOEC electrolyser system.

A system includes a high temperature electrolyser, a first line for supplying the electrolyser to supply the electrolyser with steam, a first line for discharging the electrolyser to discharge dihydrogen from the electrolyser, a second line for discharging the electrolyser to discharge dioxygen from the electrolyser, a first heat exchange module to ensure a heat exchange between the first steam supply line and the first dihydrogen discharge line. The system also includes a steam ejector arranged downstream from the first heat exchange module on the first dihydrogen discharge line to inject steam into the first dihydrogen discharge line. The system relates to the field of high temperature electrolysis of water, also with solid oxide and that of solid oxide fuel cells. It applies particularly to optimise the energy consumption of an SOEC electrolyser system.

An energy storage system converts variable renewable electricity (VRE) to continuous heat at over 1000° C. Intermittent electrical energy heats a solid medium. Heat from the solid medium is delivered continuously on demand. An array of bricks incorporating internal radiation cavities is directly heated by thermal radiation. The cavities facilitate rapid, uniform heating via reradiation. Heat delivery via flowing gas establishes a thermocline which maintains high outlet temperature throughout discharge. Gas flows through structured pathways within the array, delivering heat which may be used for processes including calcination, hydrogen electrolysis, steam generation, and thermal power generation and cogeneration. Groups of thermal storage arrays may be controlled and operated at high temperatures without thermal runaway via deep-discharge sequencing. Forecast-based control enables continuous, year-round heat supply using current and advance information of weather and VRE availability. High-voltage DC power conversion and distribution circuitry improves the efficiency of VRE power transfer into the system.

A process for the production of direct reduced iron (DRI), with or without carbon, using hydrogen, where the hydrogen is produced utilizing water generated internally from the process. The process is characterized by containing either one or two gas loops, one for affecting the reduction of the oxide and another for affecting the carburization of the DRI. The primary loop responsible for reduction recirculates used gas from the shaft furnace in a loop including a dry dedusting step, an oxygen removal step to generate the hydrogen, and a connection to the shaft furnace for reduction. In the absence of a second loop, this loop, in conjunction with natural gas addition, can be used to deposit carbon. A secondary carburizing loop installed downstream of the shaft furnace can more finely control carbon addition. This loop includes a reactor vessel, a dedusting step, and a gas separation unit.

The invention concerns a process for operating a fired furnace which is heated using a fuel gas stream and forming a combustion product stream, wherein heat of at least part of the combustion product stream is used in forming a steam stream. It is provided that at least a part of the steam stream is subjected to a high-temperature electrolysis to form a hydrogen-containing and an oxygen-containing material stream, and that at least a part of the hydrogen-containing material stream is used as the fuel gas stream. A corresponding arrangement is also the subject of the invention.

The invention concerns a process for operating a fired furnace which is heated using a fuel gas stream and forming a combustion product stream, wherein heat of at least part of the combustion product stream is used in forming a steam stream. It is provided that at least a part of the steam stream is subjected to a high-temperature electrolysis to form a hydrogen-containing and an oxygen-containing material stream, and that at least a part of the hydrogen-containing material stream is used as the fuel gas stream. A corresponding arrangement is also the subject of the invention.