A method of operating a solid oxide electrolyzer system includes providing a water inlet stream to at least one solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), generating a wet hydrogen product stream from the at least one SOEC, providing the wet hydrogen product stream to at least one hydrogen pump, generating a compressed hydrogen product and an unpumped effluent in the at least one hydrogen pump, and recycling at least a portion of the unpumped effluent upstream of the at least one hydrogen pump.

An energy storage system converts variable renewable electricity (VRE) to continuous heat at over 1000° C. Intermittent electrical energy heats a solid medium. Heat from the solid medium is delivered continuously on demand. An array of bricks incorporating internal radiation cavities is directly heated by thermal radiation. The cavities facilitate rapid, uniform heating via reradiation. Heat delivery via flowing gas establishes a thermocline which maintains high outlet temperature throughout discharge. Gas flows through structured pathways within the array, delivering heat which may be used for processes including calcination, hydrogen electrolysis, steam generation, and thermal power generation and cogeneration. Groups of thermal storage arrays may be controlled and operated at high temperatures without thermal runaway via deep-discharge sequencing. Forecast-based control enables continuous, year-round heat supply using current and advance information of weather and VRE availability. High-voltage DC power conversion and distribution circuitry improves the efficiency of VRE power transfer into the system.

A method of forming an interlayer of a solid oxide cell unit on the surface of a substrate may include: providing a base interlayer solution comprising a solution of a soluble salt precursor of a metal oxide (crystalline) ceramic and crystalline nanoparticles, depositing the base interlayer solution onto the surface of the substrate, drying the base interlayer solution to define a nanocomposite sub-layer of the soluble salt precursor and nanoparticles, heating the sub-layer to decompose it and form a film of metal oxide comprising nanoparticles on the surface, and firing the substrate with the film on the metal surface, to form a nanocomposite crystalline layer.

In a method for supplying oxygen-enriched gas to an oxygen consuming process, in which the oxygen-enriched gas with a low nitrogen content is generated by supplying an anode-side feed gas comprising CO.sub.2 to the anode side of a solid oxide electrolysis cell, oxygen is generated on the anode side of the solid oxide electrolysis cell. This way, an anode-side product gas is formed, in which the oxygen-enriched gas comprises at least a part. The oxygen-enriched gas has a low nitrogen content, and the temperature of the oxygen-enriched gas exiting the solid oxide electrolysis cell is between 600 and 1000° C. The method has multiple advantages, first of all as regards energy saving.

In a method for supplying oxygen-enriched gas to an oxygen consuming process, in which the oxygen-enriched gas with a low nitrogen content is generated by supplying an anode-side feed gas comprising CO.sub.2 to the anode side of a solid oxide electrolysis cell, oxygen is generated on the anode side of the solid oxide electrolysis cell. This way, an anode-side product gas is formed, in which the oxygen-enriched gas comprises at least a part. The oxygen-enriched gas has a low nitrogen content, and the temperature of the oxygen-enriched gas exiting the solid oxide electrolysis cell is between 600 and 1000° C. The method has multiple advantages, first of all as regards energy saving.

A test system for characterizing solid oxide cells includes at least one gas control unit, at least one fuel gas mixture line, at least one hydrogen gas line, and at least one oxygen gas line. The at least one gas control unit includes at least three stack layers, and at least one hydration unit to humidify the uniform gas mixture. The hydration unit is disposed in a hydration layer of the at least three stack layers. At least one mixing chamber is directly connected in a gas-conductive manner to the fuel gas mixture line and the hydration unit, and is configured for producing the uniform gas mixture and is disposed in a mixing layer of the at least three stack layers. At least one test station for a solid oxide cell is disposed on a test layer of the at least three stack layers.

Method for the preparation of synthesis gas combining electrolysis of water, tubular steam reforming and autothermal reforming of a hydrocarbon feed stock in parallel.

The present invention provides a process for incorporating at least one nano-catalyst on the surface of and within a plurality of pores of an electrode. The process includes spraying or dripping a catechol based surfactant onto the surface of and within one or more pores of a solid oxide electrochemical cell having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode; spraying or dripping a nano-catalyst solution onto the surface of and within one or more pores of the solid oxide electrochemical cell that has been pretreated with the catechol based surfactant for forming a modified solid oxide electrochemical cell; and firing the modified solid oxide electrochemical cell above a calcination temperature of the nano-catalyst solution for forming a nano-catalyst on the surface and within at least one or more pores of the solid oxide electrochemical cell.

A porous body comprises a framework having a three-dimensional network structure, the framework having a body including nickel and cobalt as constituent elements, the body of the framework including the cobalt at a proportion in mass of 0.2 or more and 0.8 or less relative to a total mass of the nickel and the cobalt, the framework having a surface with an arithmetic mean roughness of 0.05 μm or more, the porous body being increased in volume by 1% or more for a shape of an external appearance thereof after the porous body undergoes a heat treatment in the atmosphere at 800° C. for 200 hours with a load of 16 kPa applied.

A fuel producing system includes an electrolyzer that is supplied with a raw material gas containing carbon dioxide and water vapor, and electrolyzes the raw material gas to generate a product gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and a first gas-liquid separator that performs gas-liquid separation on the product gas generated in the electrolyzer. Water vapor produced from water separated in the first gas-liquid separator or water vapor produced from water from a water supply source is allowed to be supplied to the electrolyzer in addition to the raw material gas.