An electrochemical process is provided for producing hydrogen for use in a hydrotreatment process. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia that are produced during the hydrotreatment process are subjected to electrolysis using electrolysis cells and select catalysts to produce hydrogen which then can be used in the hydrotreatment process instead of using outside sources of hydrogen.

An electrically conductive substrate contains at least titanium. An intermediate layer is provided on a primary surface of the electrically conductive substrate. A composite layer is provided on the intermediate layer. The composite layer includes tantalum layers and catalyst layers. Each of the catalyst layers contains platinum and iridium. Each of the tantalum layers is made from tantalum oxide, tantalum, or a mixture of tantalum oxide and tantalum. The tantalum layers and the catalyst layers are alternately stacked one layer by one layer in a thickness direction of the electrically conductive substrate. A bottom layer of the composite layer closest to the primary surface of the electrically conductive substrate is constituted by one tantalum layer of the tantalum layers. A top layer of the composite layer furthest from the electrically conductive substrate is constituted by one catalyst layer of the catalyst layers.

An electrolyzer system includes an anticorrosive, conductive material including a first oxide having oxygen vacancies and a formula (Ia): MgTi.sub.2O.sub.5-δ (Ia), where δ is any number between 0 and 3 including a fractional part denoting the oxygen vacancies; and a second oxide having a formula (II): Ti.sub.aO.sub.b (II), where 1<=a<=20 and 1<=b<=30, optionally including a fractional part, the first and second oxides of formulas (Ia) and (II) forming a polycrystalline matrix within the electrolyzer system.

The present disclosure provides a high-performance electrode for water electrolysis using electrospray, a membrane electrode assembly including the same, a water electrolysis device including the electrode for water electrolysis, and a method for manufacturing the electrode for water electrolysis. The present disclosure is to provide a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) having increased porosity by using electrospray, and to apply the membrane electrode assembly to electrolysis.

Provided is a membrane electrode assembly for a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, including: an oxygen electrode including an iridium oxide (IrO.sub.2) layer which is an electrodeposited oxygen electrode catalyst layer on a titanium (Ti) layer which is a diffusion layer; a hydrogen electrode in which a hydrogen electrode catalyst layer is formed on a diffusion layer; and an electrolyte membrane placed between the oxygen electrode catalyst layer and the hydrogen electrode catalyst layer, in which a portion of the pores of the Ti diffusion layer are filled with an electrolyte of the electrolyte membrane.

Provided is a membrane electrode assembly for a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, including: an oxygen electrode including an iridium oxide (IrO.sub.2) layer which is an electrodeposited oxygen electrode catalyst layer on a titanium (Ti) layer which is a diffusion layer; a hydrogen electrode in which a hydrogen electrode catalyst layer is formed on a diffusion layer; and an electrolyte membrane placed between the oxygen electrode catalyst layer and the hydrogen electrode catalyst layer, in which a portion of the pores of the Ti diffusion layer are filled with an electrolyte of the electrolyte membrane.

A corrosion resistant anode is provided for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride ions. The anode includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a passivation layer coating the substrate; and (3) an electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer. Polyanion adjusted alkaline seawater electrolyte for hydrogen generation by electrolysis is also provided.

A device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte between the electrodes. The first electrode and the second electrode may comprise a metallic phase that does not contain a platinum group metal when the device is in use, and where the electrolyte is solid state and is oxide ion conducting.

A device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte between the electrodes. The first electrode and the second electrode may comprise a metallic phase that does not contain a platinum group metal when the device is in use, and where the electrolyte is solid state and is oxide ion conducting.

A method of producing hydrogen includes providing a device, introducing a first stream including a fuel to the device, introducing a second stream comprising water to the device, reducing the water in the second stream to hydrogen, and extracting hydrogen from the device. The first stream and the second stream do not come in contact with each other in the device.